Is Liller 1 a building block of the Galactic bulge? -- Evidence with APOGEE
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Liptrott, Anna Schiavon, Ricardo P. Mason, Andrew C. Kamann, Sebastian Anguiano, Borja Cohen, Roger E. Fernández-Trincado, José G. Horta, Danny Majewski, Steven R. Minniti, Dante Nataf, David M. O'Connor, Michael J. W. Wearne, Dominic |
| author_facet | Liptrott, Anna Schiavon, Ricardo P. Mason, Andrew C. Kamann, Sebastian Anguiano, Borja Cohen, Roger E. Fernández-Trincado, José G. Horta, Danny Majewski, Steven R. Minniti, Dante Nataf, David M. O'Connor, Michael J. W. Wearne, Dominic |
| contents | Liller 1 is a stellar system orbiting within the inner 0.8kpc of the Galactic centre, characterised by a wide spread in age and metallicity, indicating a high mass. Liller 1 has been proposed to be a major contributor to the stellar mass of the Galactic bulge, yet its origin is subject to debate. We employ Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV) data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) to test scenarios proposed to explain the nature of Liller 1. Using a random sampling technique, we contrast the chemical compositions of Liller 1 stellar members with those of the bulge, inner disc, outer disk and solar neighbourhood. The chemistry of Liller 1 deviates from that of the bulge population at the 2-3$σ$ level for $α$-elements Mg, Si, and Ca. We conclude that the progenitor of Liller 1 was not a major contributor of stellar mass to the bulge. Furthermore, we find the abundance pattern of Liller 1 to deviate at the 2$σ$ level from that of inner disk stars, ruling out the cluster rejuvenation scenario. Finally, we find that Liller 1 is chemically distinct from solar and outer disc populations, suggesting that the progenitor of Liller 1 is unlikely to be an in-situ massive clump formed at high redshift, from disc gravitational instabilities, that migrated inwards and coalesced with others into the bulge. Finally, we suggest that Liller 1 is a minor contributor to the stellar mass of the inner Galaxy, possibly of extragalactic origin. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_07411 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Is Liller 1 a building block of the Galactic bulge? -- Evidence with APOGEE Liptrott, Anna Schiavon, Ricardo P. Mason, Andrew C. Kamann, Sebastian Anguiano, Borja Cohen, Roger E. Fernández-Trincado, José G. Horta, Danny Majewski, Steven R. Minniti, Dante Nataf, David M. O'Connor, Michael J. W. Wearne, Dominic Astrophysics of Galaxies Liller 1 is a stellar system orbiting within the inner 0.8kpc of the Galactic centre, characterised by a wide spread in age and metallicity, indicating a high mass. Liller 1 has been proposed to be a major contributor to the stellar mass of the Galactic bulge, yet its origin is subject to debate. We employ Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV) data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) to test scenarios proposed to explain the nature of Liller 1. Using a random sampling technique, we contrast the chemical compositions of Liller 1 stellar members with those of the bulge, inner disc, outer disk and solar neighbourhood. The chemistry of Liller 1 deviates from that of the bulge population at the 2-3$σ$ level for $α$-elements Mg, Si, and Ca. We conclude that the progenitor of Liller 1 was not a major contributor of stellar mass to the bulge. Furthermore, we find the abundance pattern of Liller 1 to deviate at the 2$σ$ level from that of inner disk stars, ruling out the cluster rejuvenation scenario. Finally, we find that Liller 1 is chemically distinct from solar and outer disc populations, suggesting that the progenitor of Liller 1 is unlikely to be an in-situ massive clump formed at high redshift, from disc gravitational instabilities, that migrated inwards and coalesced with others into the bulge. Finally, we suggest that Liller 1 is a minor contributor to the stellar mass of the inner Galaxy, possibly of extragalactic origin. |
| title | Is Liller 1 a building block of the Galactic bulge? -- Evidence with APOGEE |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07411 |