MMA-ASIA: A Multilingual and Multimodal Alignment Framework for Culturally-Grounded Evaluation

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Main Authors: Zheng, Weihua, Liu, Zhengyuan, Chakraborty, Tanmoy, Xu, Weiwen, Gao, Xiaoxue, Tan, Bryan Chen Zhengyu, Zou, Bowei, Liu, Chang, Hu, Yujia, Xie, Xing, Yi, Xiaoyuan, Yao, Jing, Wang, Chaojun, Li, Long, Liu, Rui, Liu, Huiyao, Inoue, Koji, Sumida, Ryuichi, Kawahara, Tatsuya, Xu, Fan, Ye, Lingyu, Tian, Wei, Kim, Dongjun, Jung, Jimin, Seo, Jaehyung, Wangsajaya, Nadya Yuki, Duc, Pham Minh, Saxena, Ojasva, Nandi, Palash, Tao, Xiyan, Karlina, Wiwik, Luong, Tuan, Vasan, Keertana Arun, Lee, Roy Ka-Wei, Chen, Nancy F.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Zheng, Weihua
Liu, Zhengyuan
Chakraborty, Tanmoy
Xu, Weiwen
Gao, Xiaoxue
Tan, Bryan Chen Zhengyu
Zou, Bowei
Liu, Chang
Hu, Yujia
Xie, Xing
Yi, Xiaoyuan
Yao, Jing
Wang, Chaojun
Li, Long
Liu, Rui
Liu, Huiyao
Inoue, Koji
Sumida, Ryuichi
Kawahara, Tatsuya
Xu, Fan
Ye, Lingyu
Tian, Wei
Kim, Dongjun
Jung, Jimin
Seo, Jaehyung
Wangsajaya, Nadya Yuki
Duc, Pham Minh
Saxena, Ojasva
Nandi, Palash
Tao, Xiyan
Karlina, Wiwik
Luong, Tuan
Vasan, Keertana Arun
Lee, Roy Ka-Wei
Chen, Nancy F.
author_facet Zheng, Weihua
Liu, Zhengyuan
Chakraborty, Tanmoy
Xu, Weiwen
Gao, Xiaoxue
Tan, Bryan Chen Zhengyu
Zou, Bowei
Liu, Chang
Hu, Yujia
Xie, Xing
Yi, Xiaoyuan
Yao, Jing
Wang, Chaojun
Li, Long
Liu, Rui
Liu, Huiyao
Inoue, Koji
Sumida, Ryuichi
Kawahara, Tatsuya
Xu, Fan
Ye, Lingyu
Tian, Wei
Kim, Dongjun
Jung, Jimin
Seo, Jaehyung
Wangsajaya, Nadya Yuki
Duc, Pham Minh
Saxena, Ojasva
Nandi, Palash
Tao, Xiyan
Karlina, Wiwik
Luong, Tuan
Vasan, Keertana Arun
Lee, Roy Ka-Wei
Chen, Nancy F.
contents Large language models (LLMs) are now used worldwide, yet their multimodal understanding and reasoning often degrade outside Western, high-resource settings. We propose MMA-ASIA, a comprehensive framework to evaluate LLMs' cultural awareness with a focus on Asian contexts. MMA-ASIA centers on a human-curated, multilingual, and multimodally aligned multiple-choice benchmark covering 8 Asian countries and 10 languages, comprising 27,000 questions; over 79 percent require multi-step reasoning grounded in cultural context, moving beyond simple memorization. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset aligned at the input level across three modalities: text, image (visual question answering), and speech. This enables direct tests of cross-modal transfer. Building on this benchmark, we propose a five-dimensional evaluation protocol that measures: (i) cultural-awareness disparities across countries, (ii) cross-lingual consistency, (iii) cross-modal consistency, (iv) cultural knowledge generalization, and (v) grounding validity. To ensure rigorous assessment, a Cultural Awareness Grounding Validation Module detects "shortcut learning" by checking whether the requisite cultural knowledge supports correct answers. Finally, through comparative model analysis, attention tracing, and an innovative Vision-ablated Prefix Replay (VPR) method, we probe why models diverge across languages and modalities, offering actionable insights for building culturally reliable multimodal LLMs.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_08608
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle MMA-ASIA: A Multilingual and Multimodal Alignment Framework for Culturally-Grounded Evaluation
Zheng, Weihua
Liu, Zhengyuan
Chakraborty, Tanmoy
Xu, Weiwen
Gao, Xiaoxue
Tan, Bryan Chen Zhengyu
Zou, Bowei
Liu, Chang
Hu, Yujia
Xie, Xing
Yi, Xiaoyuan
Yao, Jing
Wang, Chaojun
Li, Long
Liu, Rui
Liu, Huiyao
Inoue, Koji
Sumida, Ryuichi
Kawahara, Tatsuya
Xu, Fan
Ye, Lingyu
Tian, Wei
Kim, Dongjun
Jung, Jimin
Seo, Jaehyung
Wangsajaya, Nadya Yuki
Duc, Pham Minh
Saxena, Ojasva
Nandi, Palash
Tao, Xiyan
Karlina, Wiwik
Luong, Tuan
Vasan, Keertana Arun
Lee, Roy Ka-Wei
Chen, Nancy F.
Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
Large language models (LLMs) are now used worldwide, yet their multimodal understanding and reasoning often degrade outside Western, high-resource settings. We propose MMA-ASIA, a comprehensive framework to evaluate LLMs' cultural awareness with a focus on Asian contexts. MMA-ASIA centers on a human-curated, multilingual, and multimodally aligned multiple-choice benchmark covering 8 Asian countries and 10 languages, comprising 27,000 questions; over 79 percent require multi-step reasoning grounded in cultural context, moving beyond simple memorization. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset aligned at the input level across three modalities: text, image (visual question answering), and speech. This enables direct tests of cross-modal transfer. Building on this benchmark, we propose a five-dimensional evaluation protocol that measures: (i) cultural-awareness disparities across countries, (ii) cross-lingual consistency, (iii) cross-modal consistency, (iv) cultural knowledge generalization, and (v) grounding validity. To ensure rigorous assessment, a Cultural Awareness Grounding Validation Module detects "shortcut learning" by checking whether the requisite cultural knowledge supports correct answers. Finally, through comparative model analysis, attention tracing, and an innovative Vision-ablated Prefix Replay (VPR) method, we probe why models diverge across languages and modalities, offering actionable insights for building culturally reliable multimodal LLMs.
title MMA-ASIA: A Multilingual and Multimodal Alignment Framework for Culturally-Grounded Evaluation
topic Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08608