On The Orbital Evolution of Multiple Wide Super-Jupiters: How Disk Migration and Dispersal Shape the Stability of The PDS 70 System

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Main Authors: Ó, Clarissa R. Do, Bae, Jaehan, Konopacky, Quinn M., Nguyen, Jayke S., Diamond, Patrick, Goździewski, Krzysztof, Jankowski, Dawid
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Ó, Clarissa R. Do
Bae, Jaehan
Konopacky, Quinn M.
Nguyen, Jayke S.
Diamond, Patrick
Goździewski, Krzysztof
Jankowski, Dawid
author_facet Ó, Clarissa R. Do
Bae, Jaehan
Konopacky, Quinn M.
Nguyen, Jayke S.
Diamond, Patrick
Goździewski, Krzysztof
Jankowski, Dawid
contents Direct imaging has revealed exoplanet systems hosting multiple wide-orbit Super-Jupiters, where planet-planet interactions can shape their long-term dynamical evolution. These strong perturbations may lead to orbital instability, raising questions about the long-term survival of such systems. Shortly after formation, planet-disk interactions can shepherd planets into mean-motion resonances, which may promote long-term stability as seen in HR 8799. However, early-stage processes such as disk photoevaporation and viscosity can influence these outcomes. The $\sim$5 Myr-old PDS 70 system offers a unique laboratory to investigate these processes: its two massive ($>$4 $M_{Jup}$), wide-orbit ($>$20 AU) giants are still embedded in their natal disk. We perform 2D hydrodynamic simulations of the system, allowing the disk to disperse via photoevaporation. Once the disk dissipates, we continue to track the planets' orbital evolution over Gyr timescales using N-body simulations. We find that the system is likely to remain stable for $>$ 1 Gyr. To assess the importance of disk-driven evolution, we compare these results with disk-free N-body simulations using orbital parameters constrained by orbit fits that include recent relative astrometry and radial velocities from the literature. In this case, we find that only $\lesssim 4\%$ of posterior is stable for 100 Myr, highlighting the importance of considering disk-driven evolution for long-term dynamics stability of exoplanetary systems. We also simulate two three-planet configurations including the proposed inner candidate "PDS 70 d", finding that a higher photoevaporation leads the system to become unstable in $<$ 10 Myr.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_11021
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle On The Orbital Evolution of Multiple Wide Super-Jupiters: How Disk Migration and Dispersal Shape the Stability of The PDS 70 System
Ó, Clarissa R. Do
Bae, Jaehan
Konopacky, Quinn M.
Nguyen, Jayke S.
Diamond, Patrick
Goździewski, Krzysztof
Jankowski, Dawid
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Direct imaging has revealed exoplanet systems hosting multiple wide-orbit Super-Jupiters, where planet-planet interactions can shape their long-term dynamical evolution. These strong perturbations may lead to orbital instability, raising questions about the long-term survival of such systems. Shortly after formation, planet-disk interactions can shepherd planets into mean-motion resonances, which may promote long-term stability as seen in HR 8799. However, early-stage processes such as disk photoevaporation and viscosity can influence these outcomes. The $\sim$5 Myr-old PDS 70 system offers a unique laboratory to investigate these processes: its two massive ($>$4 $M_{Jup}$), wide-orbit ($>$20 AU) giants are still embedded in their natal disk. We perform 2D hydrodynamic simulations of the system, allowing the disk to disperse via photoevaporation. Once the disk dissipates, we continue to track the planets' orbital evolution over Gyr timescales using N-body simulations. We find that the system is likely to remain stable for $>$ 1 Gyr. To assess the importance of disk-driven evolution, we compare these results with disk-free N-body simulations using orbital parameters constrained by orbit fits that include recent relative astrometry and radial velocities from the literature. In this case, we find that only $\lesssim 4\%$ of posterior is stable for 100 Myr, highlighting the importance of considering disk-driven evolution for long-term dynamics stability of exoplanetary systems. We also simulate two three-planet configurations including the proposed inner candidate "PDS 70 d", finding that a higher photoevaporation leads the system to become unstable in $<$ 10 Myr.
title On The Orbital Evolution of Multiple Wide Super-Jupiters: How Disk Migration and Dispersal Shape the Stability of The PDS 70 System
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11021