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Main Authors: Guo, Yizhou, Zeng, Houdun, Wei, Junjie, Zhou, Hao, Jin, Zhiping, Wu, Xuefeng, Wei, Daming
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.13533
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author Guo, Yizhou
Zeng, Houdun
Wei, Junjie
Zhou, Hao
Jin, Zhiping
Wu, Xuefeng
Wei, Daming
author_facet Guo, Yizhou
Zeng, Houdun
Wei, Junjie
Zhou, Hao
Jin, Zhiping
Wu, Xuefeng
Wei, Daming
contents Following its launch on 2024 January 9, the Einstein Probe (EP) telescope has detected hundreds of fast X-ray transients (FXTs), yet their physical origins remain elusive. Understanding their luminosity function and formation rate is crucial for elucidating their nature. Recently, the EP team has provided the latest catalog of EP-detected FXTs. Based on this catalog, we present a model-independent nonparametric approach to derive the luminosity function and formation rate of FXTs. Our analysis reveals significant cosmological luminosity evolution, characterized by a scaling relationship of $(1+z)^{3.58}$. After accounting for this evolution, we establish that the local luminosity function is best represented by a broken power law, with a break luminosity of $(4.17 \pm 0.34) \times 10^{46}$ erg/s. The formation rate exhibits a broken power law as $ρ(z) \propto (1+z)^{-4.25}$ at $z \lessapprox 0.9$ and $ρ(z) \propto (1+z)^{-0.26}$ at $z \gtrapprox 0.9$, yielding a local rate of approximately $153.8_{-95.1}^{+249.4}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$. This rate is higher than that of long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs). Our findings indicate that a component of FXTs is associated with LGRBs.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_13533
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The Formation Rate and Luminosity Function of Fast X-ray transients from Einstein probe
Guo, Yizhou
Zeng, Houdun
Wei, Junjie
Zhou, Hao
Jin, Zhiping
Wu, Xuefeng
Wei, Daming
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Following its launch on 2024 January 9, the Einstein Probe (EP) telescope has detected hundreds of fast X-ray transients (FXTs), yet their physical origins remain elusive. Understanding their luminosity function and formation rate is crucial for elucidating their nature. Recently, the EP team has provided the latest catalog of EP-detected FXTs. Based on this catalog, we present a model-independent nonparametric approach to derive the luminosity function and formation rate of FXTs. Our analysis reveals significant cosmological luminosity evolution, characterized by a scaling relationship of $(1+z)^{3.58}$. After accounting for this evolution, we establish that the local luminosity function is best represented by a broken power law, with a break luminosity of $(4.17 \pm 0.34) \times 10^{46}$ erg/s. The formation rate exhibits a broken power law as $ρ(z) \propto (1+z)^{-4.25}$ at $z \lessapprox 0.9$ and $ρ(z) \propto (1+z)^{-0.26}$ at $z \gtrapprox 0.9$, yielding a local rate of approximately $153.8_{-95.1}^{+249.4}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$. This rate is higher than that of long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs). Our findings indicate that a component of FXTs is associated with LGRBs.
title The Formation Rate and Luminosity Function of Fast X-ray transients from Einstein probe
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.13533