The VC-dimension and point configurations in $\mathbb{R}^d$

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Main Authors: Iosevich, Alex, Magyar, Akos, McDonald, Alex, McDonald, Brian
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Iosevich, Alex
Magyar, Akos
McDonald, Alex
McDonald, Brian
author_facet Iosevich, Alex
Magyar, Akos
McDonald, Alex
McDonald, Brian
contents Given a set $X$ and a collection ${\mathcal H}$ of functions from $X$ to $\{0,1\}$, the VC-dimension measures the complexity of the hypothesis class $\mathcal{H}$ in the context of PAC learning. In recent years, this has been connected to geometric configuration problems in vector spaces over finite fields. In particular, it is easy to show that the VC-dimension of the set of spheres of a given radius in $\mathbb{F}_q^d$ is equal to $d+1$, since this is how many points generically determine a sphere. It is known that for $E\subseteq \mathbb{F}_q^d$, $|E|\geq q^{d-\frac{1}{d-1}}$, the set of spheres centered at points in $E$, and intersected with the set $E$, has VC-dimension either $d$ or $d+1$. In this paper, we study a similar question over Euclidean space. We find an explicit dimensional threshold $s_d<d$ so that whenever $E\subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$, $d\geq 3$, and the Hausdorff dimension of $E$ is at least $s_d$, it follows that there exists an interval $I$ such that for any $t\in I$, the VC-dimension of the set of spheres of radius $t$ centered at points in $E$, and intersected with $E$, is at least $3$. In the process of proving this theorem, we also provide the first explicit dimensional threshold for a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{R}^3$ to contain a $4$-cycle, i.e. $x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4\in E$ satisfying $$ |x_1-x_2|=|x_2-x_3|=|x_3-x_4|=|x_4-x_1| $$
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_13984
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The VC-dimension and point configurations in $\mathbb{R}^d$
Iosevich, Alex
Magyar, Akos
McDonald, Alex
McDonald, Brian
Classical Analysis and ODEs
28A78, 28A80, 42B10
Given a set $X$ and a collection ${\mathcal H}$ of functions from $X$ to $\{0,1\}$, the VC-dimension measures the complexity of the hypothesis class $\mathcal{H}$ in the context of PAC learning. In recent years, this has been connected to geometric configuration problems in vector spaces over finite fields. In particular, it is easy to show that the VC-dimension of the set of spheres of a given radius in $\mathbb{F}_q^d$ is equal to $d+1$, since this is how many points generically determine a sphere. It is known that for $E\subseteq \mathbb{F}_q^d$, $|E|\geq q^{d-\frac{1}{d-1}}$, the set of spheres centered at points in $E$, and intersected with the set $E$, has VC-dimension either $d$ or $d+1$. In this paper, we study a similar question over Euclidean space. We find an explicit dimensional threshold $s_d<d$ so that whenever $E\subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$, $d\geq 3$, and the Hausdorff dimension of $E$ is at least $s_d$, it follows that there exists an interval $I$ such that for any $t\in I$, the VC-dimension of the set of spheres of radius $t$ centered at points in $E$, and intersected with $E$, is at least $3$. In the process of proving this theorem, we also provide the first explicit dimensional threshold for a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{R}^3$ to contain a $4$-cycle, i.e. $x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4\in E$ satisfying $$ |x_1-x_2|=|x_2-x_3|=|x_3-x_4|=|x_4-x_1| $$
title The VC-dimension and point configurations in $\mathbb{R}^d$
topic Classical Analysis and ODEs
28A78, 28A80, 42B10
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.13984