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Main Authors: Triebe, Oskar, Passow, Fletcher, Wittner, Simon, Wagner, Leonie, Arend, Julio, Sun, Tao, Zanocco, Chad, Miltner, Marek, Ghesmati, Arezou, Tsai, Chen-Hao, Bergmeir, Christoph, Rajagopal, Ram
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14983
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author Triebe, Oskar
Passow, Fletcher
Wittner, Simon
Wagner, Leonie
Arend, Julio
Sun, Tao
Zanocco, Chad
Miltner, Marek
Ghesmati, Arezou
Tsai, Chen-Hao
Bergmeir, Christoph
Rajagopal, Ram
author_facet Triebe, Oskar
Passow, Fletcher
Wittner, Simon
Wagner, Leonie
Arend, Julio
Sun, Tao
Zanocco, Chad
Miltner, Marek
Ghesmati, Arezou
Tsai, Chen-Hao
Bergmeir, Christoph
Rajagopal, Ram
contents The reliability of local power grid infrastructure is challenged by sustainable energy developments increasing electric load uncertainty. Transmission System Operators (TSOs) need load forecasts of higher spatial resolution, extending current forecasting operations from zonal aggregates to individual nodes. However, nodal loads are less accurate to forecast and require a large number of individual forecasts, which are hard to manage for the human experts assessing risks in the control room's daily operations (operator). In collaboration with a TSO, we design a multi-level system that meets the needs of operators for hourly day-ahead load forecasting. Utilizing a uniquely extensive dataset of zonal and nodal net loads, we experimentally evaluate our system components. First, we develop an interpretable and scalable forecasting model that allows for TSOs to gradually extend zonal operations to include nodal forecasts. Second, we evaluate solutions to address the heterogeneity and volatility of nodal load, subject to a trade-off. Third, our system is manageable with a fully parallelized single-model forecasting workflow. Our results show accuracy and interpretability improvements for zonal forecasts, and substantial improvements for nodal forecasts. In practice, our multi-level forecasting system allows operators to adjust forecasts with unprecedented confidence and accuracy, and to diagnose otherwise opaque errors precisely.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_14983
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Extending Load Forecasting from Zonal Aggregates to Individual Nodes for Transmission System Operators
Triebe, Oskar
Passow, Fletcher
Wittner, Simon
Wagner, Leonie
Arend, Julio
Sun, Tao
Zanocco, Chad
Miltner, Marek
Ghesmati, Arezou
Tsai, Chen-Hao
Bergmeir, Christoph
Rajagopal, Ram
Machine Learning
Human-Computer Interaction
Systems and Control
The reliability of local power grid infrastructure is challenged by sustainable energy developments increasing electric load uncertainty. Transmission System Operators (TSOs) need load forecasts of higher spatial resolution, extending current forecasting operations from zonal aggregates to individual nodes. However, nodal loads are less accurate to forecast and require a large number of individual forecasts, which are hard to manage for the human experts assessing risks in the control room's daily operations (operator). In collaboration with a TSO, we design a multi-level system that meets the needs of operators for hourly day-ahead load forecasting. Utilizing a uniquely extensive dataset of zonal and nodal net loads, we experimentally evaluate our system components. First, we develop an interpretable and scalable forecasting model that allows for TSOs to gradually extend zonal operations to include nodal forecasts. Second, we evaluate solutions to address the heterogeneity and volatility of nodal load, subject to a trade-off. Third, our system is manageable with a fully parallelized single-model forecasting workflow. Our results show accuracy and interpretability improvements for zonal forecasts, and substantial improvements for nodal forecasts. In practice, our multi-level forecasting system allows operators to adjust forecasts with unprecedented confidence and accuracy, and to diagnose otherwise opaque errors precisely.
title Extending Load Forecasting from Zonal Aggregates to Individual Nodes for Transmission System Operators
topic Machine Learning
Human-Computer Interaction
Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14983