Beyond Outcome-Based Imperfect-Recall: Higher-Resolution Abstractions for Imperfect-Information Games

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Fu, Yanchang, Yin, Qiyue, Liu, Shengda, Xu, Pei, Huang, Kaiqi
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2025
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author Fu, Yanchang
Yin, Qiyue
Liu, Shengda
Xu, Pei
Huang, Kaiqi
author_facet Fu, Yanchang
Yin, Qiyue
Liu, Shengda
Xu, Pei
Huang, Kaiqi
contents Hand abstraction is crucial for scaling imperfect-information games (IIGs) such as Texas Hold'em, yet progress is limited by the lack of a formal task model and by evaluations that require resource-intensive strategy solving. We introduce signal observation ordered games (SOOGs), a subclass of IIGs tailored to hold'em-style games that cleanly separates signal from player action sequences, providing a precise mathematical foundation for hand abstraction. Within this framework, we define a resolution bound-an information-theoretic upper bound on achievable performance under a given signal abstraction. Using the bound, we show that mainstream outcome-based imperfect-recall algorithms suffer substantial losses by arbitrarily discarding historical information; we formalize this behavior via potential-aware outcome Isomorphism (PAOI) and prove that PAOI characterizes their resolution bound. To overcome this limitation, we propose full-recall outcome isomorphism (FROI), which integrates historical information to raise the bound and improve policy quality. Experiments on hold'em-style benchmarks confirm that FROI consistently outperforms outcome-based imperfect-recall baselines. Our results provide a unified formal treatment of hand abstraction and practical guidance for designing higher-resolution abstractions in IIGs.
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record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Beyond Outcome-Based Imperfect-Recall: Higher-Resolution Abstractions for Imperfect-Information Games
Fu, Yanchang
Yin, Qiyue
Liu, Shengda
Xu, Pei
Huang, Kaiqi
Computer Science and Game Theory
Artificial Intelligence
Hand abstraction is crucial for scaling imperfect-information games (IIGs) such as Texas Hold'em, yet progress is limited by the lack of a formal task model and by evaluations that require resource-intensive strategy solving. We introduce signal observation ordered games (SOOGs), a subclass of IIGs tailored to hold'em-style games that cleanly separates signal from player action sequences, providing a precise mathematical foundation for hand abstraction. Within this framework, we define a resolution bound-an information-theoretic upper bound on achievable performance under a given signal abstraction. Using the bound, we show that mainstream outcome-based imperfect-recall algorithms suffer substantial losses by arbitrarily discarding historical information; we formalize this behavior via potential-aware outcome Isomorphism (PAOI) and prove that PAOI characterizes their resolution bound. To overcome this limitation, we propose full-recall outcome isomorphism (FROI), which integrates historical information to raise the bound and improve policy quality. Experiments on hold'em-style benchmarks confirm that FROI consistently outperforms outcome-based imperfect-recall baselines. Our results provide a unified formal treatment of hand abstraction and practical guidance for designing higher-resolution abstractions in IIGs.
title Beyond Outcome-Based Imperfect-Recall: Higher-Resolution Abstractions for Imperfect-Information Games
topic Computer Science and Game Theory
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15094