In-Situ Performance of FBK VUV-HD3 and HPK VUV4 SiPMs in the LoLX Liquid Xenon Detector
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866911577782878208 |
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| author | Li, Xiang Gallacher, David Bron, Stephanie Brunner, Thomas Croix, Austin de St Girard, Frédéric Hempel, Colin Latif, Mouftahou Bakary Lavoie, Simon Malbrunot, Chloé Retière, Fabrice Tétrault, Marc-André Wang, Lei |
| author_facet | Li, Xiang Gallacher, David Bron, Stephanie Brunner, Thomas Croix, Austin de St Girard, Frédéric Hempel, Colin Latif, Mouftahou Bakary Lavoie, Simon Malbrunot, Chloé Retière, Fabrice Tétrault, Marc-André Wang, Lei |
| contents | Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a critical technology for the next generation of rare-event search experiments using liquid xenon (LXe). While two VUV-sensitive SiPMs are available, comprehensive in-situ studies are needed to inform detector design and compare device response. This work presents a direct comparison of Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) VUV-HD3 and Hamamatsu (HPK) VUV4 SiPMs operated simultaneously within the Light-only Liquid Xenon (LoLX) detector. Using data collected with gamma sources placed outside the detector, we characterized the relative performance of these photosensors. Our analysis reveals that under these operating conditions, the HPK SiPMs observe 33-38% less light than the FBK devices, a larger difference than predicted by standard PDE models in vacuum measurements. We show that this discrepancy is resolved by an angular and wavelength dependent PDE model incorporating surface shadowing effects into our optical simulation, which then accurately reproduces the experimental data. This finding has significant implications for the selection and implementation of photosensors in future large-scale LXe detectors. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_15270 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | In-Situ Performance of FBK VUV-HD3 and HPK VUV4 SiPMs in the LoLX Liquid Xenon Detector Li, Xiang Gallacher, David Bron, Stephanie Brunner, Thomas Croix, Austin de St Girard, Frédéric Hempel, Colin Latif, Mouftahou Bakary Lavoie, Simon Malbrunot, Chloé Retière, Fabrice Tétrault, Marc-André Wang, Lei Instrumentation and Detectors High Energy Physics - Experiment Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a critical technology for the next generation of rare-event search experiments using liquid xenon (LXe). While two VUV-sensitive SiPMs are available, comprehensive in-situ studies are needed to inform detector design and compare device response. This work presents a direct comparison of Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) VUV-HD3 and Hamamatsu (HPK) VUV4 SiPMs operated simultaneously within the Light-only Liquid Xenon (LoLX) detector. Using data collected with gamma sources placed outside the detector, we characterized the relative performance of these photosensors. Our analysis reveals that under these operating conditions, the HPK SiPMs observe 33-38% less light than the FBK devices, a larger difference than predicted by standard PDE models in vacuum measurements. We show that this discrepancy is resolved by an angular and wavelength dependent PDE model incorporating surface shadowing effects into our optical simulation, which then accurately reproduces the experimental data. This finding has significant implications for the selection and implementation of photosensors in future large-scale LXe detectors. |
| title | In-Situ Performance of FBK VUV-HD3 and HPK VUV4 SiPMs in the LoLX Liquid Xenon Detector |
| topic | Instrumentation and Detectors High Energy Physics - Experiment |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15270 |