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Main Authors: Ye, Xiao, Dineen, Jacob, Li, Zhaonan, Xu, Zhikun, Chen, Weiyu, Lu, Shijie, Huang, Yuxi, Shen, Ming, Tran, Phu, Yum, Ji-Eun Irene, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Afzal, Muhammad Umar, Riaz, Irbaz Bin, Zhou, Ben
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17764
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author Ye, Xiao
Dineen, Jacob
Li, Zhaonan
Xu, Zhikun
Chen, Weiyu
Lu, Shijie
Huang, Yuxi
Shen, Ming
Tran, Phu
Yum, Ji-Eun Irene
Khan, Muhammad Ali
Afzal, Muhammad Umar
Riaz, Irbaz Bin
Zhou, Ben
author_facet Ye, Xiao
Dineen, Jacob
Li, Zhaonan
Xu, Zhikun
Chen, Weiyu
Lu, Shijie
Huang, Yuxi
Shen, Ming
Tran, Phu
Yum, Ji-Eun Irene
Khan, Muhammad Ali
Afzal, Muhammad Umar
Riaz, Irbaz Bin
Zhou, Ben
contents Medical Large language models achieve strong scores on standard benchmarks; however, the transfer of those results to safe and reliable performance in clinical workflows remains a challenge. This survey reframes evaluation through a levels-of-autonomy lens (L0-L3), spanning informational tools, information transformation and aggregation, decision support, and supervised agents. We align existing benchmarks and metrics with the actions permitted at each level and their associated risks, making the evaluation targets explicit. This motivates a level-conditioned blueprint for selecting metrics, assembling evidence, and reporting claims, alongside directions that link evaluation to oversight. By centering autonomy, the survey moves the field beyond score-based claims toward credible, risk-aware evidence for real clinical use.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_17764
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Evaluating Medical LLMs by Levels of Autonomy: A Survey Moving from Benchmarks to Applications
Ye, Xiao
Dineen, Jacob
Li, Zhaonan
Xu, Zhikun
Chen, Weiyu
Lu, Shijie
Huang, Yuxi
Shen, Ming
Tran, Phu
Yum, Ji-Eun Irene
Khan, Muhammad Ali
Afzal, Muhammad Umar
Riaz, Irbaz Bin
Zhou, Ben
Computation and Language
Medical Large language models achieve strong scores on standard benchmarks; however, the transfer of those results to safe and reliable performance in clinical workflows remains a challenge. This survey reframes evaluation through a levels-of-autonomy lens (L0-L3), spanning informational tools, information transformation and aggregation, decision support, and supervised agents. We align existing benchmarks and metrics with the actions permitted at each level and their associated risks, making the evaluation targets explicit. This motivates a level-conditioned blueprint for selecting metrics, assembling evidence, and reporting claims, alongside directions that link evaluation to oversight. By centering autonomy, the survey moves the field beyond score-based claims toward credible, risk-aware evidence for real clinical use.
title Evaluating Medical LLMs by Levels of Autonomy: A Survey Moving from Benchmarks to Applications
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17764