Fundamental Limits of Cooperative Integrated Sensing and Communications over Low-Earth Orbit THz Satellite Channels

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Main Authors: Dong, Haofan, Wang, Houtianfu, Cai, Hanlin, Akan, Ozgur B.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Dong, Haofan
Wang, Houtianfu
Cai, Hanlin
Akan, Ozgur B.
author_facet Dong, Haofan
Wang, Houtianfu
Cai, Hanlin
Akan, Ozgur B.
contents Terahertz inter-satellite links enable unprecedented sensing precision for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations, yet face fundamental bounds from hardware impairments, pointing errors, and network interference. We develop a Network Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (N-CRLB) framework incorporating dynamic topology, hardware quality factor $Γ_{\text{eff}}$, phase noise $σ^2_ϕ$, and cooperative effects through recursive Fisher Information analysis. Our analysis reveals three key insights: (i) hardware and phase noise create power-independent performance ceilings ($σ_{\text{ceiling}} \propto \sqrt{Γ_{\text{eff}}}$) and floors ($σ_{\text{floor}} \propto \sqrt{σ^2_ϕ}/f_c$), with power-only scaling saturating above $\text{SNR}_{\text{crit}}=1/Γ_{\text{eff}}$; (ii) interference coefficients $α_{\ell m}$ enable opportunistic sensing with demonstrated gains of 5.5~dB under specific conditions (65~dB processing gain, 50~dBi antennas); (iii) measurement correlations from shared timing references, when properly modeled, do not degrade performance and can provide common-mode rejection benefits compared to mismodeled independent-noise baselines. Sub-millimeter ranging requires co-optimized hardware ($Γ_{\text{eff}}<0.01$), oscillators ($σ^2_ϕ<10^{-2}$), and appropriate 3D geometry configurations.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_19007
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Fundamental Limits of Cooperative Integrated Sensing and Communications over Low-Earth Orbit THz Satellite Channels
Dong, Haofan
Wang, Houtianfu
Cai, Hanlin
Akan, Ozgur B.
Signal Processing
Terahertz inter-satellite links enable unprecedented sensing precision for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations, yet face fundamental bounds from hardware impairments, pointing errors, and network interference. We develop a Network Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (N-CRLB) framework incorporating dynamic topology, hardware quality factor $Γ_{\text{eff}}$, phase noise $σ^2_ϕ$, and cooperative effects through recursive Fisher Information analysis. Our analysis reveals three key insights: (i) hardware and phase noise create power-independent performance ceilings ($σ_{\text{ceiling}} \propto \sqrt{Γ_{\text{eff}}}$) and floors ($σ_{\text{floor}} \propto \sqrt{σ^2_ϕ}/f_c$), with power-only scaling saturating above $\text{SNR}_{\text{crit}}=1/Γ_{\text{eff}}$; (ii) interference coefficients $α_{\ell m}$ enable opportunistic sensing with demonstrated gains of 5.5~dB under specific conditions (65~dB processing gain, 50~dBi antennas); (iii) measurement correlations from shared timing references, when properly modeled, do not degrade performance and can provide common-mode rejection benefits compared to mismodeled independent-noise baselines. Sub-millimeter ranging requires co-optimized hardware ($Γ_{\text{eff}}<0.01$), oscillators ($σ^2_ϕ<10^{-2}$), and appropriate 3D geometry configurations.
title Fundamental Limits of Cooperative Integrated Sensing and Communications over Low-Earth Orbit THz Satellite Channels
topic Signal Processing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19007