Loops with squares in two nuclei

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Kinyon, Michael, Phillips, J. D.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Kinyon, Michael
Phillips, J. D.
author_facet Kinyon, Michael
Phillips, J. D.
contents Although little can be gleaned about a loop with the property that its squares are, say, left nuclear ($xx\cdot yz = (xx\cdot y)z$), if its squares are also, say, middle nuclear ($(x\cdot yy)z = x(yy\cdot z)$), then the loop exhibits more structure than one might initially guess. Loops with squares in (at least) two nuclei include many well known classes of loops, such as C loops and extra loops, and not so well known classes such left C loops. In any loop with, say, left and middle nuclear squares, the intersection of the left and middle nuclei is a normal subloop; hence such a loop is simple if and only if it is a group or a simple unipotent loop. Loops in which squaring is a centralizing endomorphism have even more structure; they are power-associative, and a torsion loop in that class is a direct product of a loop of $2$-elements and a loop of elements of odd order.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_19961
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Loops with squares in two nuclei
Kinyon, Michael
Phillips, J. D.
Group Theory
20N05
Although little can be gleaned about a loop with the property that its squares are, say, left nuclear ($xx\cdot yz = (xx\cdot y)z$), if its squares are also, say, middle nuclear ($(x\cdot yy)z = x(yy\cdot z)$), then the loop exhibits more structure than one might initially guess. Loops with squares in (at least) two nuclei include many well known classes of loops, such as C loops and extra loops, and not so well known classes such left C loops. In any loop with, say, left and middle nuclear squares, the intersection of the left and middle nuclei is a normal subloop; hence such a loop is simple if and only if it is a group or a simple unipotent loop. Loops in which squaring is a centralizing endomorphism have even more structure; they are power-associative, and a torsion loop in that class is a direct product of a loop of $2$-elements and a loop of elements of odd order.
title Loops with squares in two nuclei
topic Group Theory
20N05
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19961