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Auteurs principaux: Lv, Yang, Li, Junwei, Li, Jianfu, Liu, Yong, Yuan, Jianan, Lin, 1 Jiani, Kawaguchi-Imada, Saori, Hu, Qingyang, Wang, Xiaoli
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
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Accès en ligne:https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.20395
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author Lv, Yang
Li, Junwei
Li, Jianfu
Liu, Yong
Yuan, Jianan
Lin, 1 Jiani
Kawaguchi-Imada, Saori
Hu, Qingyang
Wang, Xiaoli
author_facet Lv, Yang
Li, Junwei
Li, Jianfu
Liu, Yong
Yuan, Jianan
Lin, 1 Jiani
Kawaguchi-Imada, Saori
Hu, Qingyang
Wang, Xiaoli
contents An isolated calcium (Ca) atom has empty d-orbitals under ambient conditions. However, s-d band hybridization has been observed in both elemental Ca and compounds by manipulating thermodynamic conditions. Here, we reveal that the Ca 3d-band can even capture electrons from halogen atoms under pressure, exhibiting anionic behaviors in iodides. We predict a CsCl-type monovalent CaI at above 50 GPa by employing first-principles structural searching and successfully identified the phase at 84 GPa using in situ X-ray diffraction. We further reveal that, due to the effect of orbital broadening, unusual charge transfer from the 5p orbitals of I to the 3d orbitals of Ca in CaI, gradually reverses the ionicity of Ca and becomes the anionic ICa at 485 GPa. Multivalent Ca stabilizes a set of metallic iodides with eight- to ten-fold iodine hyper-coordination. Our findings demonstrate that the valence states of Ca can vary from negative to +2, suggesting much greater complexity of Ca chemistry under ultrahigh pressures.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_20395
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Unlock Anionic Behavior of Calcium Through Pressure Engineering
Lv, Yang
Li, Junwei
Li, Jianfu
Liu, Yong
Yuan, Jianan
Lin, 1 Jiani
Kawaguchi-Imada, Saori
Hu, Qingyang
Wang, Xiaoli
Materials Science
An isolated calcium (Ca) atom has empty d-orbitals under ambient conditions. However, s-d band hybridization has been observed in both elemental Ca and compounds by manipulating thermodynamic conditions. Here, we reveal that the Ca 3d-band can even capture electrons from halogen atoms under pressure, exhibiting anionic behaviors in iodides. We predict a CsCl-type monovalent CaI at above 50 GPa by employing first-principles structural searching and successfully identified the phase at 84 GPa using in situ X-ray diffraction. We further reveal that, due to the effect of orbital broadening, unusual charge transfer from the 5p orbitals of I to the 3d orbitals of Ca in CaI, gradually reverses the ionicity of Ca and becomes the anionic ICa at 485 GPa. Multivalent Ca stabilizes a set of metallic iodides with eight- to ten-fold iodine hyper-coordination. Our findings demonstrate that the valence states of Ca can vary from negative to +2, suggesting much greater complexity of Ca chemistry under ultrahigh pressures.
title Unlock Anionic Behavior of Calcium Through Pressure Engineering
topic Materials Science
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.20395