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Main Authors: Wang, Bowen, Wan, Haiyuan, Shi, Liwen, Yang, Chen, He, Peng, Ma, Yue, Han, Haochen, Li, Wenhao, Tan, Tiao, Li, Yongjian, Liu, Fangming, Gong, Yifan, Zhang, Sheng
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.20479
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author Wang, Bowen
Wan, Haiyuan
Shi, Liwen
Yang, Chen
He, Peng
Ma, Yue
Han, Haochen
Li, Wenhao
Tan, Tiao
Li, Yongjian
Liu, Fangming
Gong, Yifan
Zhang, Sheng
author_facet Wang, Bowen
Wan, Haiyuan
Shi, Liwen
Yang, Chen
He, Peng
Ma, Yue
Han, Haochen
Li, Wenhao
Tan, Tiao
Li, Yongjian
Liu, Fangming
Gong, Yifan
Zhang, Sheng
contents We unveil that internal representations in large language models (LLMs) serve as reliable proxies of learned knowledge, and propose RECALL, a novel representation-aware model merging framework for continual learning without access to historical data. RECALL computes inter-model similarity from layer-wise hidden representations over clustered typical samples, and performs adaptive, hierarchical parameter fusion to align knowledge across models. This design enables the preservation of domain-general features in shallow layers while allowing task-specific adaptation in deeper layers. Unlike prior methods that require task labels or incur performance trade-offs, RECALL achieves seamless multi-domain integration and strong resistance to catastrophic forgetting. Extensive experiments across five NLP tasks and multiple continual learning scenarios show that RECALL outperforms baselines in both knowledge retention and generalization, providing a scalable and data-free solution for evolving LLMs.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_20479
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle RECALL: REpresentation-aligned Catastrophic-forgetting ALLeviation via Hierarchical Model Merging
Wang, Bowen
Wan, Haiyuan
Shi, Liwen
Yang, Chen
He, Peng
Ma, Yue
Han, Haochen
Li, Wenhao
Tan, Tiao
Li, Yongjian
Liu, Fangming
Gong, Yifan
Zhang, Sheng
Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
We unveil that internal representations in large language models (LLMs) serve as reliable proxies of learned knowledge, and propose RECALL, a novel representation-aware model merging framework for continual learning without access to historical data. RECALL computes inter-model similarity from layer-wise hidden representations over clustered typical samples, and performs adaptive, hierarchical parameter fusion to align knowledge across models. This design enables the preservation of domain-general features in shallow layers while allowing task-specific adaptation in deeper layers. Unlike prior methods that require task labels or incur performance trade-offs, RECALL achieves seamless multi-domain integration and strong resistance to catastrophic forgetting. Extensive experiments across five NLP tasks and multiple continual learning scenarios show that RECALL outperforms baselines in both knowledge retention and generalization, providing a scalable and data-free solution for evolving LLMs.
title RECALL: REpresentation-aligned Catastrophic-forgetting ALLeviation via Hierarchical Model Merging
topic Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.20479