A short survey on almost orthogonal vectors in a few specific large dimensions
Fuente:
arXiv
Salvato in:
| Autore principale: | |
|---|---|
| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2025
|
| Soggetti: | |
| Accesso online: | |
| Tags: |
Aggiungi Tag
Nessun Tag, puoi essere il primo ad aggiungerne!!
|
| _version_ | 1866911235056861184 |
|---|---|
| author | Luisto, Rami |
| author_facet | Luisto, Rami |
| contents | The concept of \emph{almost orthogonal vectors}, i.e.\ vectors whose cosine similarity is close to $0$, relates to topics both in pure mathematics and in coding theory under the guises of spherical packing and spherical codes. In recent years the rise of advanced language models in AI has created new interest in this concept as the models seem to store certain concepts as almost orthogonal directions in high-dimensional spaces. In this survey we represent some ideas regarding almost orthogonal vectors through three approaches: (1) the mathematical theory of almost orthogonality, (2) some observations from the embedding spaces of language models, and (3) generation of large sets of almost orthogonal vectors by simulations. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_23609 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A short survey on almost orthogonal vectors in a few specific large dimensions Luisto, Rami Metric Geometry Information Theory 52C17 (68T07, 60D05, 46B85, 94B65) The concept of \emph{almost orthogonal vectors}, i.e.\ vectors whose cosine similarity is close to $0$, relates to topics both in pure mathematics and in coding theory under the guises of spherical packing and spherical codes. In recent years the rise of advanced language models in AI has created new interest in this concept as the models seem to store certain concepts as almost orthogonal directions in high-dimensional spaces. In this survey we represent some ideas regarding almost orthogonal vectors through three approaches: (1) the mathematical theory of almost orthogonality, (2) some observations from the embedding spaces of language models, and (3) generation of large sets of almost orthogonal vectors by simulations. |
| title | A short survey on almost orthogonal vectors in a few specific large dimensions |
| topic | Metric Geometry Information Theory 52C17 (68T07, 60D05, 46B85, 94B65) |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.23609 |