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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Yang, Ningfeng, Aamodt, Tor M.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Machine Learning
Online Access:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.23926
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ReFrame: Layer Caching for Accelerated Inference in Real-Time Rendering
by: Liu, Lufei, et al.
Published: (2025)

Improving Discrete Optimisation Via Decoupled Straight-Through Estimator
by: Shah, Rushi, et al.
Published: (2024)

Custom Gradient Estimators are Straight-Through Estimators in Disguise
by: Schoenbauer, Matt, et al.
Published: (2024)

PV-Tuning: Beyond Straight-Through Estimation for Extreme LLM Compression
by: Malinovskii, Vladimir, et al.
Published: (2024)

Stochastic Dimension-Free Zeroth-Order Estimator for High-Dimensional and High-Order PINNs
by: Liang, Zhangyong, et al.
Published: (2026)

On Adaptivity in Zeroth-Order Optimization
by: Dbouk, Hassan, et al.
Published: (2026)

On the Optimal Construction of Unbiased Gradient Estimators for Zeroth-Order Optimization
by: Ma, Shaocong, et al.
Published: (2025)

Learning Dynamics of Zeroth-Order Optimization: A Kernel Perspective
by: Li, Zhe, et al.
Published: (2026)

Data-Free Black-Box Federated Learning via Zeroth-Order Gradient Estimation
by: Ma, Xinge, et al.
Published: (2025)

Fed-ZOE: Communication-Efficient Over-the-Air Federated Learning via Zeroth-Order Estimation
by: Jang, Jonggyu, et al.
Published: (2024)

Zeroth-Order Optimization is Secretly Single-Step Policy Optimization
by: Qiu, Junbin, et al.
Published: (2025)

Private Zeroth-Order Optimization with Public Data
by: Gong, Xuchen, et al.
Published: (2025)

The Multi-Query Paradox in Zeroth-Order Optimization
by: Lin, Wei, et al.
Published: (2025)

Extending Straight-Through Estimation for Robust Neural Networks on Analog CIM Hardware
by: Feng, Yuannuo, et al.
Published: (2025)

Elucidating Subspace Perturbation in Zeroth-Order Optimization: Theory and Practice at Scale
by: Park, Sihwan, et al.
Published: (2025)

LLM Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning is an Inference Workload
by: Li, Zelin, et al.
Published: (2026)

Alternating Diffusion for Proximal Sampling with Zeroth Order Queries
by: Takagi, Hirohane, et al.
Published: (2026)

Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning of LLMs with Extreme Sparsity
by: Guo, Wentao, et al.
Published: (2024)

Riemannian Zeroth-Order Gradient Estimation with Structure-Preserving Metrics for Geodesically Incomplete Manifolds
by: Ma, Shaocong, et al.
Published: (2026)

Zeroth-Order Optimization at the Edge of Stability
by: Song, Minhak, et al.
Published: (2026)

Refining Adaptive Zeroth-Order Optimization at Ease
by: Shu, Yao, et al.
Published: (2025)

Gradient Compressed Sensing: A Query-Efficient Gradient Estimator for High-Dimensional Zeroth-Order Optimization
by: Qiu, Ruizhong, et al.
Published: (2024)

High-Dimensional Learning Dynamics of Quantized Models with Straight-Through Estimator
by: Ichikawa, Yuma, et al.
Published: (2025)

Learning a Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning LLMs
by: Zhang, Kairun, et al.
Published: (2025)

Z0-Inf: Zeroth Order Approximation for Data Influence
by: Kokhlikyan, Narine, et al.
Published: (2025)

Position: Zeroth-Order Optimization in Deep Learning Is Underexplored, Not Underpowered
by: Liu, Sijia, et al.
Published: (2026)

Efficient Federated RLHF via Zeroth-Order Policy Optimization
by: Wang, Deyi, et al.
Published: (2026)

Compander-Aligned Query Geometry for Quantized Zeroth-Order Optimization
by: Shu, Yao, et al.
Published: (2026)

Zeroth-Order Sharpness-Aware Learning with Exponential Tilting
by: Gong, Xuchen, et al.
Published: (2025)

On the Inherent Privacy of Zeroth Order Projected Gradient Descent
by: Gupta, Devansh, et al.
Published: (2025)

Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning of LLMs in Random Subspaces
by: Yu, Ziming, et al.
Published: (2024)

Zeroth-Order Optimization Finds Flat Minima
by: Zhang, Liang, et al.
Published: (2025)

Certified Multi-Fidelity Zeroth-Order Optimization
by: de Montbrun, Étienne, et al.
Published: (2023)

Private Zeroth-Order Nonsmooth Nonconvex Optimization
by: Zhang, Qinzi, et al.
Published: (2024)

Zeroth-Order Non-Log-Concave Sampling with Variance Reduction and Applications to Inverse Problems
by: Sahin, M. Berk, et al.
Published: (2026)

Privacy Amplification in Differentially Private Zeroth-Order Optimization with Hidden States
by: Chien, Eli, et al.
Published: (2025)

Low-Rank Curvature for Zeroth-Order Optimization in LLM Fine-Tuning
by: Seung, Hyunseok, et al.
Published: (2025)

Powering Up Zeroth-Order Training via Subspace Gradient Orthogonalization
by: Lang, Yicheng, et al.
Published: (2026)

Revisiting Zeroth-Order Optimization: Minimum-Variance Two-Point Estimators and Directionally Aligned Perturbations
by: Ma, Shaocong, et al.
Published: (2025)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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