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Main Authors:	PandaX Collaboration, Yuan, Zhe, Bo, Zihao, Chen, Wei, Chen, Xun, Chen, Yunhua, Cheng, Chen, Cui, Xiangyi, Deng, Manna, Fan, Yingjie, Fang, Deqing, Fu, Xuanye, Gao, Zhixing, Ge, Yujie, Geng, Lisheng, Giboni, Karl, Guo, Xunan, Guo, Xuyuan, Guo, Zichao, Han, Chencheng, Han, Ke, He, Changda, He, Jinrong, Huang, Houqi, Huang, Junting, Huang, Yule, Hou, Ruquan, Ji, Xiangdong, Ju, Yonglin, Lan, Xiaorun, Li, Chenxiang, Li, Jiafu, Li, Mingchuan, Li, Peiyuan, Li, Shuaijie, Li, Tao, Li, Yangdong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lin, Qing, Liu, Jianglai, Liu, Yuanchun, Lu, Congcong, Lu, Xiaoying, Luo, Lingyin, Luo, Yunyang, Ma, Yugang, Mao, Yajun, Meng, Yue, Pang, Binyu, Qi, Ningchun, Qian, Zhicheng, Ren, Xiangxiang, Shan, Dong, Shang, Xiaofeng, Shao, Xiyuan, Shen, Guofang, Shen, Manbin, Sun, Wenliang, Sun, Xuyan, Tao, Yi, Tian, Yueqiang, Tian, Yuxin, Wang, Anqing, Wang, Guanbo, Wang, Hao, Wang, Haoyu, Wang, Jiamin, Wang, Lei, Wang, Meng, Wang, Qiuhong, Wang, Shaobo, Wang, Shibo, Wang, Siguang, Wang, Wei, Wang, Xu, Wang, Zhou, Wei, Yuehuan, Wu, Weihao, Wu, Yuan, Xiao, Mengjiao, Xiao, Xiang, Xiong, Kaizhi, Xu, Jianqin, Xu, Yifan, Yao, Shunyu, Yan, Binbin, Yan, Xiyu, Yang, Yong, Ye, Peihua, Yu, Chunxu, Yuan, Ying, Yun, Youhui, Zeng, Xinning, Zhang, Minzhen, Zhang, Peng, Zhang, Shibo, Zhang, Siyuan, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Tao, Zhang, Wei, Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yingxin, Zhang, Yuanyuan, Zhao, Li, Zhao, Kangkang, Zhou, Jifang, Zhou, Jiaxu, Zhou, Jiayi, Zhou, Ning, Zhou, Xiaopeng, Zhou, Zhizhen, Zhu, Chenhui, Ramalho, Marlom, Suhonen, Jouni
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Nuclear Experiment High Energy Physics - Experiment
Online Access:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24612
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author	PandaX Collaboration Yuan, Zhe Bo, Zihao Chen, Wei Chen, Xun Chen, Yunhua Cheng, Chen Cui, Xiangyi Deng, Manna Fan, Yingjie Fang, Deqing Fu, Xuanye Gao, Zhixing Ge, Yujie Geng, Lisheng Giboni, Karl Guo, Xunan Guo, Xuyuan Guo, Zichao Han, Chencheng Han, Ke He, Changda He, Jinrong Huang, Houqi Huang, Junting Huang, Yule Hou, Ruquan Ji, Xiangdong Ju, Yonglin Lan, Xiaorun Li, Chenxiang Li, Jiafu Li, Mingchuan Li, Peiyuan Li, Shuaijie Li, Tao Li, Yangdong Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Qing Liu, Jianglai Liu, Yuanchun Lu, Congcong Lu, Xiaoying Luo, Lingyin Luo, Yunyang Ma, Yugang Mao, Yajun Meng, Yue Pang, Binyu Qi, Ningchun Qian, Zhicheng Ren, Xiangxiang Shan, Dong Shang, Xiaofeng Shao, Xiyuan Shen, Guofang Shen, Manbin Sun, Wenliang Sun, Xuyan Tao, Yi Tian, Yueqiang Tian, Yuxin Wang, Anqing Wang, Guanbo Wang, Hao Wang, Haoyu Wang, Jiamin Wang, Lei Wang, Meng Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Shaobo Wang, Shibo Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Xu Wang, Zhou Wei, Yuehuan Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Xiao, Mengjiao Xiao, Xiang Xiong, Kaizhi Xu, Jianqin Xu, Yifan Yao, Shunyu Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yang, Yong Ye, Peihua Yu, Chunxu Yuan, Ying Yun, Youhui Zeng, Xinning Zhang, Minzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Siyuan Zhang, Shu Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Li Zhao, Kangkang Zhou, Jifang Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Jiayi Zhou, Ning Zhou, Xiaopeng Zhou, Zhizhen Zhu, Chenhui Ramalho, Marlom Suhonen, Jouni
author_facet	PandaX Collaboration Yuan, Zhe Bo, Zihao Chen, Wei Chen, Xun Chen, Yunhua Cheng, Chen Cui, Xiangyi Deng, Manna Fan, Yingjie Fang, Deqing Fu, Xuanye Gao, Zhixing Ge, Yujie Geng, Lisheng Giboni, Karl Guo, Xunan Guo, Xuyuan Guo, Zichao Han, Chencheng Han, Ke He, Changda He, Jinrong Huang, Houqi Huang, Junting Huang, Yule Hou, Ruquan Ji, Xiangdong Ju, Yonglin Lan, Xiaorun Li, Chenxiang Li, Jiafu Li, Mingchuan Li, Peiyuan Li, Shuaijie Li, Tao Li, Yangdong Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Qing Liu, Jianglai Liu, Yuanchun Lu, Congcong Lu, Xiaoying Luo, Lingyin Luo, Yunyang Ma, Yugang Mao, Yajun Meng, Yue Pang, Binyu Qi, Ningchun Qian, Zhicheng Ren, Xiangxiang Shan, Dong Shang, Xiaofeng Shao, Xiyuan Shen, Guofang Shen, Manbin Sun, Wenliang Sun, Xuyan Tao, Yi Tian, Yueqiang Tian, Yuxin Wang, Anqing Wang, Guanbo Wang, Hao Wang, Haoyu Wang, Jiamin Wang, Lei Wang, Meng Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Shaobo Wang, Shibo Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Xu Wang, Zhou Wei, Yuehuan Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Xiao, Mengjiao Xiao, Xiang Xiong, Kaizhi Xu, Jianqin Xu, Yifan Yao, Shunyu Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yang, Yong Ye, Peihua Yu, Chunxu Yuan, Ying Yun, Youhui Zeng, Xinning Zhang, Minzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Siyuan Zhang, Shu Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Li Zhao, Kangkang Zhou, Jifang Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Jiayi Zhou, Ning Zhou, Xiaopeng Zhou, Zhizhen Zhu, Chenhui Ramalho, Marlom Suhonen, Jouni
contents	Nuclear $β$ decay, a sensitive probe of nuclear structure and weak interactions, has become a precision test bed for physics beyond the Standard Model, driven by recent advances in spectrometric techniques. Here we introduce tomographic $β$-$γ$ spectroscopy (TBGS) of nuclear $β$ decay, a method that detects the energies of $β$, $γ$, and internal conversion electrons while simultaneously reconstructing the energy deposition vertices. Using the PandaX-4T detector operated as a TBGS, we obtain a precise and unbiased decay scheme of $^{214}$Pb, a key background isotope in searches for dark matter and Majorana neutrinos. For the first time, transitions of $^{214}$Pb to both the ground and excited states of $^{214}$Bi are measured concurrently, revealing discrepancies in branching ratios of up to 4.7$σ$ relative to previous evaluations. Combined with state-of-the-art theoretical spectral-shape calculations, these results establish a new benchmark for background modelling in rare-event searches and highlight the potential of TBGS as a versatile tool for fundamental physics and nuclear applications.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_24612
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Tomographic beta-gamma spectroscopy of nuclear beta decay PandaX Collaboration Yuan, Zhe Bo, Zihao Chen, Wei Chen, Xun Chen, Yunhua Cheng, Chen Cui, Xiangyi Deng, Manna Fan, Yingjie Fang, Deqing Fu, Xuanye Gao, Zhixing Ge, Yujie Geng, Lisheng Giboni, Karl Guo, Xunan Guo, Xuyuan Guo, Zichao Han, Chencheng Han, Ke He, Changda He, Jinrong Huang, Houqi Huang, Junting Huang, Yule Hou, Ruquan Ji, Xiangdong Ju, Yonglin Lan, Xiaorun Li, Chenxiang Li, Jiafu Li, Mingchuan Li, Peiyuan Li, Shuaijie Li, Tao Li, Yangdong Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Qing Liu, Jianglai Liu, Yuanchun Lu, Congcong Lu, Xiaoying Luo, Lingyin Luo, Yunyang Ma, Yugang Mao, Yajun Meng, Yue Pang, Binyu Qi, Ningchun Qian, Zhicheng Ren, Xiangxiang Shan, Dong Shang, Xiaofeng Shao, Xiyuan Shen, Guofang Shen, Manbin Sun, Wenliang Sun, Xuyan Tao, Yi Tian, Yueqiang Tian, Yuxin Wang, Anqing Wang, Guanbo Wang, Hao Wang, Haoyu Wang, Jiamin Wang, Lei Wang, Meng Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Shaobo Wang, Shibo Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Xu Wang, Zhou Wei, Yuehuan Wu, Weihao Wu, Yuan Xiao, Mengjiao Xiao, Xiang Xiong, Kaizhi Xu, Jianqin Xu, Yifan Yao, Shunyu Yan, Binbin Yan, Xiyu Yang, Yong Ye, Peihua Yu, Chunxu Yuan, Ying Yun, Youhui Zeng, Xinning Zhang, Minzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Siyuan Zhang, Shu Zhang, Tao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Li Zhao, Kangkang Zhou, Jifang Zhou, Jiaxu Zhou, Jiayi Zhou, Ning Zhou, Xiaopeng Zhou, Zhizhen Zhu, Chenhui Ramalho, Marlom Suhonen, Jouni Nuclear Experiment High Energy Physics - Experiment Nuclear $β$ decay, a sensitive probe of nuclear structure and weak interactions, has become a precision test bed for physics beyond the Standard Model, driven by recent advances in spectrometric techniques. Here we introduce tomographic $β$-$γ$ spectroscopy (TBGS) of nuclear $β$ decay, a method that detects the energies of $β$, $γ$, and internal conversion electrons while simultaneously reconstructing the energy deposition vertices. Using the PandaX-4T detector operated as a TBGS, we obtain a precise and unbiased decay scheme of $^{214}$Pb, a key background isotope in searches for dark matter and Majorana neutrinos. For the first time, transitions of $^{214}$Pb to both the ground and excited states of $^{214}$Bi are measured concurrently, revealing discrepancies in branching ratios of up to 4.7$σ$ relative to previous evaluations. Combined with state-of-the-art theoretical spectral-shape calculations, these results establish a new benchmark for background modelling in rare-event searches and highlight the potential of TBGS as a versatile tool for fundamental physics and nuclear applications.
title	Tomographic beta-gamma spectroscopy of nuclear beta decay
topic	Nuclear Experiment High Energy Physics - Experiment
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24612

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