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author Ballabriga, Rafael
Buschmann, Eric
Campbell, Michael
Mohr, Raimon Casanova
Dannheim, Dominik
Dilg, Jona
Dorda, Ana
Feyens, Ono
King, Finn
Gadow, Philipp
Gregor, Ingrid-Maria
Hansen, Karsten
He, Yajun
Huth, Lennart
Kremastiotis, Iraklis
Lachnit, Stephan
Lemoine, Corentin
Maffessanti, Stefano
Mendes, Larissa
Otarid, Younes
Reckleben, Christian
Rettie, Sébastien
Viera, Manuel Alejandro del Rio
Daza, Sara Ruiz
Schlaadt, Judith
Simancas, Adriana
Snoeys, Walter
Spannagel, Simon
Vanat, Tomas
Velyka, Anastasiia
Vignola, Gianpiero
Wennlöf, Håkan
author_facet Ballabriga, Rafael
Buschmann, Eric
Campbell, Michael
Mohr, Raimon Casanova
Dannheim, Dominik
Dilg, Jona
Dorda, Ana
Feyens, Ono
King, Finn
Gadow, Philipp
Gregor, Ingrid-Maria
Hansen, Karsten
He, Yajun
Huth, Lennart
Kremastiotis, Iraklis
Lachnit, Stephan
Lemoine, Corentin
Maffessanti, Stefano
Mendes, Larissa
Otarid, Younes
Reckleben, Christian
Rettie, Sébastien
Viera, Manuel Alejandro del Rio
Daza, Sara Ruiz
Schlaadt, Judith
Simancas, Adriana
Snoeys, Walter
Spannagel, Simon
Vanat, Tomas
Velyka, Anastasiia
Vignola, Gianpiero
Wennlöf, Håkan
contents The H2M (Hybrid-to-Monolithic) is a monolithic pixel sensor manufactured in a modified \SI{65}{\nano\meter}~CMOS imaging process with a small collection electrode. Its design addresses the challenges of porting an existing hybrid pixel detector architecture into a monolithic chip, using a digital-on-top design methodology, and developing a compact digital cell library. Each square pixel integrates an analog front-end and digital pulse processing with an 8-bit counter within a \SI{35}{\micro\meter}~pitch. This contribution presents the performance of H2M based on laboratory and test beam measurements, including a comparison with analog front-end simulations in terms of gain and noise. A particular emphasis is placed on backside thinning in order to reduce material budget, down to a total chip thickness of \SI{21}{\micro\meter} for which no degradation in MIP detection performance is observed. For all investigated samples, a MIP detection efficiency above \SI{99}{\%} is achieved below a threshold of approximately 205 electrons. At this threshold, the fake-hit rate corresponds to a matrix occupancy of fewer than one pixel per the \SI{500}{\nano\second}~frame. Measurements reveal a non-uniform in-pixel response, attributed to the formation of local potential wells in regions with low electric field. A simulation flow combining technology computer-aided design, Monte Carlo, and circuit simulations is used to investigate and describe this behavior, and is applied to develop mitigation strategies for future chip submissions with similar features.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_26741
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Characterization of the H2M Monolithic CMOS Sensor
Ballabriga, Rafael
Buschmann, Eric
Campbell, Michael
Mohr, Raimon Casanova
Dannheim, Dominik
Dilg, Jona
Dorda, Ana
Feyens, Ono
King, Finn
Gadow, Philipp
Gregor, Ingrid-Maria
Hansen, Karsten
He, Yajun
Huth, Lennart
Kremastiotis, Iraklis
Lachnit, Stephan
Lemoine, Corentin
Maffessanti, Stefano
Mendes, Larissa
Otarid, Younes
Reckleben, Christian
Rettie, Sébastien
Viera, Manuel Alejandro del Rio
Daza, Sara Ruiz
Schlaadt, Judith
Simancas, Adriana
Snoeys, Walter
Spannagel, Simon
Vanat, Tomas
Velyka, Anastasiia
Vignola, Gianpiero
Wennlöf, Håkan
Instrumentation and Detectors
The H2M (Hybrid-to-Monolithic) is a monolithic pixel sensor manufactured in a modified \SI{65}{\nano\meter}~CMOS imaging process with a small collection electrode. Its design addresses the challenges of porting an existing hybrid pixel detector architecture into a monolithic chip, using a digital-on-top design methodology, and developing a compact digital cell library. Each square pixel integrates an analog front-end and digital pulse processing with an 8-bit counter within a \SI{35}{\micro\meter}~pitch. This contribution presents the performance of H2M based on laboratory and test beam measurements, including a comparison with analog front-end simulations in terms of gain and noise. A particular emphasis is placed on backside thinning in order to reduce material budget, down to a total chip thickness of \SI{21}{\micro\meter} for which no degradation in MIP detection performance is observed. For all investigated samples, a MIP detection efficiency above \SI{99}{\%} is achieved below a threshold of approximately 205 electrons. At this threshold, the fake-hit rate corresponds to a matrix occupancy of fewer than one pixel per the \SI{500}{\nano\second}~frame. Measurements reveal a non-uniform in-pixel response, attributed to the formation of local potential wells in regions with low electric field. A simulation flow combining technology computer-aided design, Monte Carlo, and circuit simulations is used to investigate and describe this behavior, and is applied to develop mitigation strategies for future chip submissions with similar features.
title Characterization of the H2M Monolithic CMOS Sensor
topic Instrumentation and Detectors
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26741