_version_ 1866915685373837312
author Alam, Faisal
Bosse, Jan Lukas
Čepaitė, Ieva
Chapman, Adrian
Clinton, Laura
Crichigno, Marcos
Crosson, Elizabeth
Cubitt, Toby
Derby, Charles
Dowinton, Oliver
Faehrmann, Paul K.
Flammia, Steve
Flynn, Brian
Gambetta, Filippo Maria
García-Patrón, Raúl
Hunter-Gordon, Max
Jones, Glenn
Khedkar, Abhishek
Klassen, Joel
Kreshchuk, Michael
McMullan, Edward Harry
Mineh, Lana
Montanaro, Ashley
Mora, Caterina
Morton, John J. L.
Patel, Dhrumil
Rolph, Pete
Santos, Raul A.
Seddon, James R.
Sheridan, Evan
Somogyi, Wilfrid
Svensson, Marika
Vaishnav, Niam
Wang, Sabrina Yue
Wright, Gethin
author_facet Alam, Faisal
Bosse, Jan Lukas
Čepaitė, Ieva
Chapman, Adrian
Clinton, Laura
Crichigno, Marcos
Crosson, Elizabeth
Cubitt, Toby
Derby, Charles
Dowinton, Oliver
Faehrmann, Paul K.
Flammia, Steve
Flynn, Brian
Gambetta, Filippo Maria
García-Patrón, Raúl
Hunter-Gordon, Max
Jones, Glenn
Khedkar, Abhishek
Klassen, Joel
Kreshchuk, Michael
McMullan, Edward Harry
Mineh, Lana
Montanaro, Ashley
Mora, Caterina
Morton, John J. L.
Patel, Dhrumil
Rolph, Pete
Santos, Raul A.
Seddon, James R.
Sheridan, Evan
Somogyi, Wilfrid
Svensson, Marika
Vaishnav, Niam
Wang, Sabrina Yue
Wright, Gethin
contents Simulating the time-dynamics of quantum many-body systems was the original use of quantum computers proposed by Feynman, motivated by the critical role of quantum interactions between electrons in the properties of materials and molecules. Accurately simulating such systems remains one of the most promising applications of general-purpose digital quantum computers, in which all the parameters of the model can be programmed and any desired physical quantity output. However, performing such simulations on today's quantum computers at a scale beyond the reach of classical methods requires advances in the efficiency of simulation algorithms and error mitigation techniques. Here we demonstrate programmable digital quantum simulation of the dynamics of the 2D Fermi-Hubbard model -- one of the best-known simplified models of electrons in crystalline solids -- at a scale beyond exact classical state-vector simulation. We implement simulations of this model on lattice sizes up to ${6\times 6}$ using 72 qubits on Google's Willow quantum processor, across a range of physical parameters, including different on-site electron-electron interaction strengths and magnetic flux values, and study phenomena including formation of magnetic polarons (charge carriers surrounded by local magnetic polarisation), dynamical symmetry-breaking in stripe-ordered states, attraction of charge carriers on an entangled background state known as a valence bond solid, and the approach to equilibrium through thermalisation. We validate our results against exact calculations in parameter regimes where these are feasible, and compare them to approximate classical simulations performed using tensor network and operator propagation methods. Our results demonstrate that meaningful programmable digital quantum simulation of many-body interacting electron models is now feasible on state-of-the-art quantum hardware.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_26845
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Programmable digital quantum simulation of 2D Fermi-Hubbard dynamics using 72 superconducting qubits
Alam, Faisal
Bosse, Jan Lukas
Čepaitė, Ieva
Chapman, Adrian
Clinton, Laura
Crichigno, Marcos
Crosson, Elizabeth
Cubitt, Toby
Derby, Charles
Dowinton, Oliver
Faehrmann, Paul K.
Flammia, Steve
Flynn, Brian
Gambetta, Filippo Maria
García-Patrón, Raúl
Hunter-Gordon, Max
Jones, Glenn
Khedkar, Abhishek
Klassen, Joel
Kreshchuk, Michael
McMullan, Edward Harry
Mineh, Lana
Montanaro, Ashley
Mora, Caterina
Morton, John J. L.
Patel, Dhrumil
Rolph, Pete
Santos, Raul A.
Seddon, James R.
Sheridan, Evan
Somogyi, Wilfrid
Svensson, Marika
Vaishnav, Niam
Wang, Sabrina Yue
Wright, Gethin
Quantum Physics
Materials Science
Simulating the time-dynamics of quantum many-body systems was the original use of quantum computers proposed by Feynman, motivated by the critical role of quantum interactions between electrons in the properties of materials and molecules. Accurately simulating such systems remains one of the most promising applications of general-purpose digital quantum computers, in which all the parameters of the model can be programmed and any desired physical quantity output. However, performing such simulations on today's quantum computers at a scale beyond the reach of classical methods requires advances in the efficiency of simulation algorithms and error mitigation techniques. Here we demonstrate programmable digital quantum simulation of the dynamics of the 2D Fermi-Hubbard model -- one of the best-known simplified models of electrons in crystalline solids -- at a scale beyond exact classical state-vector simulation. We implement simulations of this model on lattice sizes up to ${6\times 6}$ using 72 qubits on Google's Willow quantum processor, across a range of physical parameters, including different on-site electron-electron interaction strengths and magnetic flux values, and study phenomena including formation of magnetic polarons (charge carriers surrounded by local magnetic polarisation), dynamical symmetry-breaking in stripe-ordered states, attraction of charge carriers on an entangled background state known as a valence bond solid, and the approach to equilibrium through thermalisation. We validate our results against exact calculations in parameter regimes where these are feasible, and compare them to approximate classical simulations performed using tensor network and operator propagation methods. Our results demonstrate that meaningful programmable digital quantum simulation of many-body interacting electron models is now feasible on state-of-the-art quantum hardware.
title Programmable digital quantum simulation of 2D Fermi-Hubbard dynamics using 72 superconducting qubits
topic Quantum Physics
Materials Science
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26845