Quantitative Parameter Conditions for Stability and Coupling in GFM-GFL Converter Hybrid Systems from a Small-Signal Synchronous Perspective

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Zhuang, Kehao, Xin, Huanhai, Chen, Hangyu, Huang, Linbin
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Zhuang, Kehao
Xin, Huanhai
Chen, Hangyu
Huang, Linbin
author_facet Zhuang, Kehao
Xin, Huanhai
Chen, Hangyu
Huang, Linbin
contents With the development of renewable energy sources, power systems are gradually evolving into a system comprising both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters. However, the dynamic interaction between the two types of converters, especially low-inertia GFM converters and GFL converters, remains unclear due to the substantial differences in their synchronization mechanisms. To address this gap, this paper develops a small-signal synchronous stability model for power systems containing GFM and GFL converters, which considers network line dynamics. Based on subspace perturbation theory, we reveal that GFM and GFL subsystems can be effectively decoupled when GFL converters operate near unity power factor or when GFM converters possess sufficiently large inertia or damping, and provide lower bound of control parameters ensuring decoupling. Under the decoupling condition, we propose decentralized and analytical parameter-based stability criteria which have clear physical interpretations: the positive damping of converters compensates for the negative damping of the network. In the case of coupling, we also propose decentralized stability criteria based on the small phase theorem. The effectiveness of the theoretical analysis is validated through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_26971
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Quantitative Parameter Conditions for Stability and Coupling in GFM-GFL Converter Hybrid Systems from a Small-Signal Synchronous Perspective
Zhuang, Kehao
Xin, Huanhai
Chen, Hangyu
Huang, Linbin
Systems and Control
With the development of renewable energy sources, power systems are gradually evolving into a system comprising both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters. However, the dynamic interaction between the two types of converters, especially low-inertia GFM converters and GFL converters, remains unclear due to the substantial differences in their synchronization mechanisms. To address this gap, this paper develops a small-signal synchronous stability model for power systems containing GFM and GFL converters, which considers network line dynamics. Based on subspace perturbation theory, we reveal that GFM and GFL subsystems can be effectively decoupled when GFL converters operate near unity power factor or when GFM converters possess sufficiently large inertia or damping, and provide lower bound of control parameters ensuring decoupling. Under the decoupling condition, we propose decentralized and analytical parameter-based stability criteria which have clear physical interpretations: the positive damping of converters compensates for the negative damping of the network. In the case of coupling, we also propose decentralized stability criteria based on the small phase theorem. The effectiveness of the theoretical analysis is validated through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.
title Quantitative Parameter Conditions for Stability and Coupling in GFM-GFL Converter Hybrid Systems from a Small-Signal Synchronous Perspective
topic Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26971