WallGo investigates: Theoretical uncertainties in the bubble wall velocity
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866912733889298432 |
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| author | van de Vis, Jorinde Schicho, Philipp Niemi, Lauri Laurent, Benoit Hirvonen, Joonas Gould, Oliver |
| author_facet | van de Vis, Jorinde Schicho, Philipp Niemi, Lauri Laurent, Benoit Hirvonen, Joonas Gould, Oliver |
| contents | We examine theoretical uncertainties in state-of-the-art calculations of the bubble wall velocity during first-order cosmological phase transitions. By utilising the software WallGo for two extensions of the Standard Model, we find several $O(1)$ uncertainties arising from the number of particles taken out of equilibrium, the logarithmically and power enhanced collision integrals, the treatment of thermal masses, the nucleation temperature, the $\tanh$ ansatz, and the perturbative order of the effective potential. However, we show that the linearisation of the Boltzmann equations is generally a good approximation with much smaller associated errors. We further clarify the limitations of the quasiparticle approximation in regions with negative mass squared. This study provides a detailed uncertainty budget and highlights where future efforts should be directed to improve the reliability of wall velocity and hence gravitational wave predictions. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2510_27691 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | WallGo investigates: Theoretical uncertainties in the bubble wall velocity van de Vis, Jorinde Schicho, Philipp Niemi, Lauri Laurent, Benoit Hirvonen, Joonas Gould, Oliver High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics We examine theoretical uncertainties in state-of-the-art calculations of the bubble wall velocity during first-order cosmological phase transitions. By utilising the software WallGo for two extensions of the Standard Model, we find several $O(1)$ uncertainties arising from the number of particles taken out of equilibrium, the logarithmically and power enhanced collision integrals, the treatment of thermal masses, the nucleation temperature, the $\tanh$ ansatz, and the perturbative order of the effective potential. However, we show that the linearisation of the Boltzmann equations is generally a good approximation with much smaller associated errors. We further clarify the limitations of the quasiparticle approximation in regions with negative mass squared. This study provides a detailed uncertainty budget and highlights where future efforts should be directed to improve the reliability of wall velocity and hence gravitational wave predictions. |
| title | WallGo investigates: Theoretical uncertainties in the bubble wall velocity |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27691 |