Operator-aware shadow importance sampling for accurate fidelity estimation

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Cha, Hyunho, Hong, Sangwoo, Lee, Jungwoo
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Cha, Hyunho
Hong, Sangwoo
Lee, Jungwoo
author_facet Cha, Hyunho
Hong, Sangwoo
Lee, Jungwoo
contents Estimating the fidelity between an unknown quantum state and a fixed target is a fundamental task in quantum information science. Direct fidelity estimation (DFE) enables this without full tomography by sampling observables according to a target-dependent distribution. However, existing approaches face notable trade-offs. Grouping-based DFE achieves strong accuracy for small systems but suffers from exponential scaling, and its applicability is restricted to Pauli measurements. In contrast, classical-shadow-based DFE offers scalability but yields lower accuracy on structured states. In this work, we address these limitations by developing two classes of operator-aware shadow importance sampling algorithms using informationally overcomplete positive operator-valued measures. Instantiated with local Pauli measurements, our algorithm improves upon the grouping-based algorithms for Haar-random states. For structured states such as the GHZ and W states, our algorithm also eliminates the exponential memory requirements of previous grouping-based methods. Numerical experiments confirm that our methods achieve state-of-the-art performance across Haar-random, GHZ, and W targets.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_01608
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Operator-aware shadow importance sampling for accurate fidelity estimation
Cha, Hyunho
Hong, Sangwoo
Lee, Jungwoo
Quantum Physics
Estimating the fidelity between an unknown quantum state and a fixed target is a fundamental task in quantum information science. Direct fidelity estimation (DFE) enables this without full tomography by sampling observables according to a target-dependent distribution. However, existing approaches face notable trade-offs. Grouping-based DFE achieves strong accuracy for small systems but suffers from exponential scaling, and its applicability is restricted to Pauli measurements. In contrast, classical-shadow-based DFE offers scalability but yields lower accuracy on structured states. In this work, we address these limitations by developing two classes of operator-aware shadow importance sampling algorithms using informationally overcomplete positive operator-valued measures. Instantiated with local Pauli measurements, our algorithm improves upon the grouping-based algorithms for Haar-random states. For structured states such as the GHZ and W states, our algorithm also eliminates the exponential memory requirements of previous grouping-based methods. Numerical experiments confirm that our methods achieve state-of-the-art performance across Haar-random, GHZ, and W targets.
title Operator-aware shadow importance sampling for accurate fidelity estimation
topic Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.01608