Distance Exceptional Graphs and the Curvature Index

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Robertson, Sawyer Jack, Southerland, Finn, Surya, Erlang
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2025
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author Robertson, Sawyer Jack
Southerland, Finn
Surya, Erlang
author_facet Robertson, Sawyer Jack
Southerland, Finn
Surya, Erlang
contents A graph $G=(V,E)$ on $n$ vertices is said to be \emph{distance exceptional} if the equation $D\vec{x} = \vec{1}$ admits no solution $\vec{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$, where $D\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$ is the shortest path distance matrix of $G$. These graphs were first studied by Steinerberger in the context of a notion of discrete curvature (``Curvature on graphs via equilibrium measures,'' \emph{Journal of Graph Theory}, 103(3), 2023). This work has led to several open questions about distance exceptional graphs, including: What is the structure of such graphs? How can they be characterized? How rare are they? In this paper, we investigate these questions through the lens of a graph invariant we term the \emph{curvature index}. We show that a graph is distance exceptional if and only if this invariant vanishes, and we develop a calculus for this invariant under graph operations including the Cartesian product and graph join. As a result, we recover and generalize a number of known results in this area. We show that any graph $G$ can be realized as an induced subgraph of a distance exceptional graph $G'$. Moreover, in many cases, this embedding is an isometry. In turn, this leads to a number of methods for constructing distance exceptional graphs.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_03719
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Distance Exceptional Graphs and the Curvature Index
Robertson, Sawyer Jack
Southerland, Finn
Surya, Erlang
Combinatorics
05C50, 05C12, 05C76
A graph $G=(V,E)$ on $n$ vertices is said to be \emph{distance exceptional} if the equation $D\vec{x} = \vec{1}$ admits no solution $\vec{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$, where $D\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$ is the shortest path distance matrix of $G$. These graphs were first studied by Steinerberger in the context of a notion of discrete curvature (``Curvature on graphs via equilibrium measures,'' \emph{Journal of Graph Theory}, 103(3), 2023). This work has led to several open questions about distance exceptional graphs, including: What is the structure of such graphs? How can they be characterized? How rare are they? In this paper, we investigate these questions through the lens of a graph invariant we term the \emph{curvature index}. We show that a graph is distance exceptional if and only if this invariant vanishes, and we develop a calculus for this invariant under graph operations including the Cartesian product and graph join. As a result, we recover and generalize a number of known results in this area. We show that any graph $G$ can be realized as an induced subgraph of a distance exceptional graph $G'$. Moreover, in many cases, this embedding is an isometry. In turn, this leads to a number of methods for constructing distance exceptional graphs.
title Distance Exceptional Graphs and the Curvature Index
topic Combinatorics
05C50, 05C12, 05C76
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.03719