Probing the dawn of galaxies: star formation and feedback in the JWST era through the GAEA model

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Main Authors: Cantarella, Sebastiano, De Lucia, Gabriella, Fontanot, Fabio, Hirschmann, Michaela, Xie, Lizhi, Franco, Maximilien, Plat, Adèle
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Cantarella, Sebastiano
De Lucia, Gabriella
Fontanot, Fabio
Hirschmann, Michaela
Xie, Lizhi
Franco, Maximilien
Plat, Adèle
author_facet Cantarella, Sebastiano
De Lucia, Gabriella
Fontanot, Fabio
Hirschmann, Michaela
Xie, Lizhi
Franco, Maximilien
Plat, Adèle
contents The James Webb Space Telecope (JWST) opened a new window for the study of the highest redshift ($z>7$) Universe. This work presents a theoretical investigation of the very-high redshift Universe using the state-of-the-art GALaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) model, run on merger trees from the Planck-Millennium $N$-body simulation. We show that GAEA successfully reproduces a wide range of high-$z$ observational estimates including: the galaxy stellar mass function up to $z\sim13$ and the total (galaxies and AGN) UV luminosity function (LF) up to $z\sim10$. We find that the AGN UV emission represents an important contribution at the bright end of the UVLF up to $z\sim8$, but it is negligible at higher redshift. Our model reproduces well the observed mass-metallicity relation at $z\leq4$, while it slightly overestimates the normalization of the relation at earlier cosmic epochs. At $z\geq11$, current UVLF estimates are at least one order of magnitude larger than model predictions. We investigate the impact of different physical mechanisms, such as an enhanced star formation efficiency coupled with a reduced stellar feedback or a negligible stellar feedback at $z>10$. In the framework of our model, both the galaxy stellar mass and UV luminosity functions at $z\geq10$ can be explained by assuming feedback-free starbursts in high-density molecular clouds. However, we show that this model variant leads to a slight increase of the normalization of the $z\geq10$ mass-metallicity relation, strengthening the tension with available data. A model with negligible stellar feedback at $z>10$ also predicts larger numbers of massive and bright galaxies aligning well with observations, but it also overestimates the metallicity of the interstellar medium. We show that these model variants can in principle be discriminated using the relation between the star formation rate and galaxy stellar mass.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_03787
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Probing the dawn of galaxies: star formation and feedback in the JWST era through the GAEA model
Cantarella, Sebastiano
De Lucia, Gabriella
Fontanot, Fabio
Hirschmann, Michaela
Xie, Lizhi
Franco, Maximilien
Plat, Adèle
Astrophysics of Galaxies
The James Webb Space Telecope (JWST) opened a new window for the study of the highest redshift ($z>7$) Universe. This work presents a theoretical investigation of the very-high redshift Universe using the state-of-the-art GALaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) model, run on merger trees from the Planck-Millennium $N$-body simulation. We show that GAEA successfully reproduces a wide range of high-$z$ observational estimates including: the galaxy stellar mass function up to $z\sim13$ and the total (galaxies and AGN) UV luminosity function (LF) up to $z\sim10$. We find that the AGN UV emission represents an important contribution at the bright end of the UVLF up to $z\sim8$, but it is negligible at higher redshift. Our model reproduces well the observed mass-metallicity relation at $z\leq4$, while it slightly overestimates the normalization of the relation at earlier cosmic epochs. At $z\geq11$, current UVLF estimates are at least one order of magnitude larger than model predictions. We investigate the impact of different physical mechanisms, such as an enhanced star formation efficiency coupled with a reduced stellar feedback or a negligible stellar feedback at $z>10$. In the framework of our model, both the galaxy stellar mass and UV luminosity functions at $z\geq10$ can be explained by assuming feedback-free starbursts in high-density molecular clouds. However, we show that this model variant leads to a slight increase of the normalization of the $z\geq10$ mass-metallicity relation, strengthening the tension with available data. A model with negligible stellar feedback at $z>10$ also predicts larger numbers of massive and bright galaxies aligning well with observations, but it also overestimates the metallicity of the interstellar medium. We show that these model variants can in principle be discriminated using the relation between the star formation rate and galaxy stellar mass.
title Probing the dawn of galaxies: star formation and feedback in the JWST era through the GAEA model
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.03787