When Empowerment Disempowers

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Yang, Claire, Cakmak, Maya, Kleiman-Weiner, Max
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Yang, Claire
Cakmak, Maya
Kleiman-Weiner, Max
author_facet Yang, Claire
Cakmak, Maya
Kleiman-Weiner, Max
contents Empowerment, a measure of an agent's ability to control its environment, has been proposed as a universal goal-agnostic objective for motivating assistive behavior in AI agents. While multi-human settings like homes and hospitals are promising for AI assistance, prior work on empowerment-based assistance assumes that the agent assists one human in isolation. We introduce an open source multi-human gridworld test suite Disempower-Grid. Using Disempower-Grid, we empirically show that assistive RL agents optimizing for one human's empowerment can significantly reduce another human's environmental influence and rewards - a phenomenon we formalize as disempowerment. We characterize when disempowerment occurs in these environments and show that joint empowerment mitigates disempowerment at the cost of the user's reward. Our work reveals a broader challenge for the AI alignment community: goal-agnostic objectives that seem aligned in single-agent settings can become misaligned in multi-agent contexts.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_04177
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle When Empowerment Disempowers
Yang, Claire
Cakmak, Maya
Kleiman-Weiner, Max
Artificial Intelligence
Multiagent Systems
Empowerment, a measure of an agent's ability to control its environment, has been proposed as a universal goal-agnostic objective for motivating assistive behavior in AI agents. While multi-human settings like homes and hospitals are promising for AI assistance, prior work on empowerment-based assistance assumes that the agent assists one human in isolation. We introduce an open source multi-human gridworld test suite Disempower-Grid. Using Disempower-Grid, we empirically show that assistive RL agents optimizing for one human's empowerment can significantly reduce another human's environmental influence and rewards - a phenomenon we formalize as disempowerment. We characterize when disempowerment occurs in these environments and show that joint empowerment mitigates disempowerment at the cost of the user's reward. Our work reveals a broader challenge for the AI alignment community: goal-agnostic objectives that seem aligned in single-agent settings can become misaligned in multi-agent contexts.
title When Empowerment Disempowers
topic Artificial Intelligence
Multiagent Systems
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.04177