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Main Authors: He, Lei, Zhu, Liang-Gui, Liu, Zheng-Yan, Niu, Rui, Wei, Chao, Gao, Bing-Zhou, Zhou, Ming-Shen, Liang, Run-Duo, Chen, Ken, Wang, Jian-Min, Jiang, Ning, Cai, Zhen-Yi, Jiang, Ji-an, Dai, Zi-Gao, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Li, Jian, Zhao, Wen
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05144
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author He, Lei
Zhu, Liang-Gui
Liu, Zheng-Yan
Niu, Rui
Wei, Chao
Gao, Bing-Zhou
Zhou, Ming-Shen
Liang, Run-Duo
Chen, Ken
Wang, Jian-Min
Jiang, Ning
Cai, Zhen-Yi
Jiang, Ji-an
Dai, Zi-Gao
Yuan, Ye-Fei
Li, Jian
Zhao, Wen
author_facet He, Lei
Zhu, Liang-Gui
Liu, Zheng-Yan
Niu, Rui
Wei, Chao
Gao, Bing-Zhou
Zhou, Ming-Shen
Liang, Run-Duo
Chen, Ken
Wang, Jian-Min
Jiang, Ning
Cai, Zhen-Yi
Jiang, Ji-an
Dai, Zi-Gao
Yuan, Ye-Fei
Li, Jian
Zhao, Wen
contents The detection of GW231123, a gravitational-wave (GW) event with exceptionally massive and rapidly spinning black holes, suggests the possible formation within an active galactic nucleus (AGN) disk, which provides a favorable environment for potentially generating an observable electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We conduct a search for such a counterpart by crossmatching the GW localization with a comprehensive catalog of AGN flares from the Zwicky Transient Facility. Our analysis yields six plausible optical flare candidates that are spatially and temporally coincident with GW231123 and exhibit significant deviations from their AGN baseline flux. Although these candidates represent a crucial first step, their true nature remains inconclusive. Confirming any one of these flares via future observations would provide a landmark validation of the AGN formation channel and unlock the multi-messenger potential of this extraordinary merger.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_05144
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Searching for Electromagnetic Counterpart Candidates to GW231123
He, Lei
Zhu, Liang-Gui
Liu, Zheng-Yan
Niu, Rui
Wei, Chao
Gao, Bing-Zhou
Zhou, Ming-Shen
Liang, Run-Duo
Chen, Ken
Wang, Jian-Min
Jiang, Ning
Cai, Zhen-Yi
Jiang, Ji-an
Dai, Zi-Gao
Yuan, Ye-Fei
Li, Jian
Zhao, Wen
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
The detection of GW231123, a gravitational-wave (GW) event with exceptionally massive and rapidly spinning black holes, suggests the possible formation within an active galactic nucleus (AGN) disk, which provides a favorable environment for potentially generating an observable electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We conduct a search for such a counterpart by crossmatching the GW localization with a comprehensive catalog of AGN flares from the Zwicky Transient Facility. Our analysis yields six plausible optical flare candidates that are spatially and temporally coincident with GW231123 and exhibit significant deviations from their AGN baseline flux. Although these candidates represent a crucial first step, their true nature remains inconclusive. Confirming any one of these flares via future observations would provide a landmark validation of the AGN formation channel and unlock the multi-messenger potential of this extraordinary merger.
title Searching for Electromagnetic Counterpart Candidates to GW231123
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05144