An improved reliability factor for quantitative low-energy electron diffraction

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Main Authors: Imre, Alexander M., Hammer, Lutz, Diebold, Ulrike, Riva, Michele, Schmid, Michael
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Imre, Alexander M.
Hammer, Lutz
Diebold, Ulrike
Riva, Michele
Schmid, Michael
author_facet Imre, Alexander M.
Hammer, Lutz
Diebold, Ulrike
Riva, Michele
Schmid, Michael
contents Quantitative low-energy electron diffraction [LEED $I(V)$ or LEED $I(E)$, the evaluation of diffraction intensities $I$ as a function of the electron energy] is a versatile technique for the study of surface structures. The technique is based on optimizing the agreement between experimental and calculated intensities. Today, the most commonly used measure of agreement is Pendry's $R$ factor $R_\mathrm{P}$. While $R_\mathrm{P}$ has many advantages, it also has severe shortcomings, as it is a noisy target function for optimization and very sensitive to small offsets of the intensity. Furthermore, $R_\mathrm{P} = 0$, which is meant to imply perfect agreement between two $I(E)$ curves can also be achieved by qualitatively very different curves. We present a modified $R$ factor $R_\mathrm{S}$, which can be used as a direct replacement for $R_\mathrm{P}$, but avoids these shortcomings. We also demonstrate that $R_\mathrm{S}$ is as good as $R_\mathrm{P}$ or better in steering the optimization to the correct result in the case of imperfections of the experimental data, while another common $R$ factor, $R_\mathrm{ZJ}$ (suggested by Zanazzi and Jona) is worse in this respect.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_05448
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle An improved reliability factor for quantitative low-energy electron diffraction
Imre, Alexander M.
Hammer, Lutz
Diebold, Ulrike
Riva, Michele
Schmid, Michael
Materials Science
Instrumentation and Detectors
Quantitative low-energy electron diffraction [LEED $I(V)$ or LEED $I(E)$, the evaluation of diffraction intensities $I$ as a function of the electron energy] is a versatile technique for the study of surface structures. The technique is based on optimizing the agreement between experimental and calculated intensities. Today, the most commonly used measure of agreement is Pendry's $R$ factor $R_\mathrm{P}$. While $R_\mathrm{P}$ has many advantages, it also has severe shortcomings, as it is a noisy target function for optimization and very sensitive to small offsets of the intensity. Furthermore, $R_\mathrm{P} = 0$, which is meant to imply perfect agreement between two $I(E)$ curves can also be achieved by qualitatively very different curves. We present a modified $R$ factor $R_\mathrm{S}$, which can be used as a direct replacement for $R_\mathrm{P}$, but avoids these shortcomings. We also demonstrate that $R_\mathrm{S}$ is as good as $R_\mathrm{P}$ or better in steering the optimization to the correct result in the case of imperfections of the experimental data, while another common $R$ factor, $R_\mathrm{ZJ}$ (suggested by Zanazzi and Jona) is worse in this respect.
title An improved reliability factor for quantitative low-energy electron diffraction
topic Materials Science
Instrumentation and Detectors
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05448