ML-EcoLyzer: Quantifying the Environmental Cost of Machine Learning Inference Across Frameworks and Hardware

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Main Authors: Minoza, Jose Marie Antonio, Laylo, Rex Gregor, Villarin, Christian F, Ibanez, Sebastian C.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Minoza, Jose Marie Antonio
Laylo, Rex Gregor
Villarin, Christian F
Ibanez, Sebastian C.
author_facet Minoza, Jose Marie Antonio
Laylo, Rex Gregor
Villarin, Christian F
Ibanez, Sebastian C.
contents Machine learning inference occurs at a massive scale, yet its environmental impact remains poorly quantified, especially on low-resource hardware. We present ML-EcoLyzer, a cross-framework tool for measuring the carbon, energy, thermal, and water costs of inference across CPUs, consumer GPUs, and datacenter accelerators. The tool supports both classical and modern models, applying adaptive monitoring and hardware-aware evaluation. We introduce the Environmental Sustainability Score (ESS), which quantifies the number of effective parameters served per gram of CO$_2$ emitted. Our evaluation covers over 1,900 inference configurations, spanning diverse model architectures, task modalities (text, vision, audio, tabular), hardware types, and precision levels. These rigorous and reliable measurements demonstrate that quantization enhances ESS, huge accelerators can be inefficient for lightweight applications, and even small models may incur significant costs when implemented suboptimally. ML-EcoLyzer sets a standard for sustainability-conscious model selection and offers an extensive empirical evaluation of environmental costs during inference.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_06694
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle ML-EcoLyzer: Quantifying the Environmental Cost of Machine Learning Inference Across Frameworks and Hardware
Minoza, Jose Marie Antonio
Laylo, Rex Gregor
Villarin, Christian F
Ibanez, Sebastian C.
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Human-Computer Interaction
Software Engineering
Machine learning inference occurs at a massive scale, yet its environmental impact remains poorly quantified, especially on low-resource hardware. We present ML-EcoLyzer, a cross-framework tool for measuring the carbon, energy, thermal, and water costs of inference across CPUs, consumer GPUs, and datacenter accelerators. The tool supports both classical and modern models, applying adaptive monitoring and hardware-aware evaluation. We introduce the Environmental Sustainability Score (ESS), which quantifies the number of effective parameters served per gram of CO$_2$ emitted. Our evaluation covers over 1,900 inference configurations, spanning diverse model architectures, task modalities (text, vision, audio, tabular), hardware types, and precision levels. These rigorous and reliable measurements demonstrate that quantization enhances ESS, huge accelerators can be inefficient for lightweight applications, and even small models may incur significant costs when implemented suboptimally. ML-EcoLyzer sets a standard for sustainability-conscious model selection and offers an extensive empirical evaluation of environmental costs during inference.
title ML-EcoLyzer: Quantifying the Environmental Cost of Machine Learning Inference Across Frameworks and Hardware
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Human-Computer Interaction
Software Engineering
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.06694