Rapid-response characterization of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4 during a Torino Scale 3 alert
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2025
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| author | Devogèle, Maxime Hainaut, Olivier R. Micheli, Marco Pravec, Petr Cano, Juan Luis Ocaña, Francisco Conversi, Luca Moskovitz, Nicholas de León, Julia Gray, Zuri Granvik, Mikael Fedorets, Grigori de Micas, Jules Bourdelle Ieva, Simone Dotto, Elisabetta Beuden, Tracie Fuls, Carson Kareta, Teddy Bagnulo, Stefano Barucci, Maria Antonella Birlan, Mirel Farina, Andrea Hornoch, Kamil Fatka, Petr Kušnirák, Peter Ferri, Francesca Fulchignoni, Marcello Lazzarin, Monica La Forgia, Fiorangela Epifani, Elena Mazzotta Mura, Alessandra Perna, Davide Bendjoya, Philippe Rivet, Jean-Pierre Cellino, Alberto |
| author_facet | Devogèle, Maxime Hainaut, Olivier R. Micheli, Marco Pravec, Petr Cano, Juan Luis Ocaña, Francisco Conversi, Luca Moskovitz, Nicholas de León, Julia Gray, Zuri Granvik, Mikael Fedorets, Grigori de Micas, Jules Bourdelle Ieva, Simone Dotto, Elisabetta Beuden, Tracie Fuls, Carson Kareta, Teddy Bagnulo, Stefano Barucci, Maria Antonella Birlan, Mirel Farina, Andrea Hornoch, Kamil Fatka, Petr Kušnirák, Peter Ferri, Francesca Fulchignoni, Marcello Lazzarin, Monica La Forgia, Fiorangela Epifani, Elena Mazzotta Mura, Alessandra Perna, Davide Bendjoya, Philippe Rivet, Jean-Pierre Cellino, Alberto |
| contents | On 27 December 2024, near-Earth object (NEO) 2024 YR$_4$ was discovered by the ATLAS survey and identified as a virtual impactor. A few weeks later, it eventually reached level 3 on the Torino Scale and was the first and only asteroid to be ever classified at that level. Here we report an intensive observational campaign combining time-series photometry in the visible, broadband visible and near-infrared colors, and low-resolution visible reflectance spectroscopy to assess its physical properties. Fourier analysis of the lightcurves yields a synodic rotation period of $P = 19.46341 \pm 0.00008$ min, placing 2024 YR$_4$ among the fast rotators, even if such rotation is common for objects of similar $H$ magnitude. Its visible and near-infrared colors and spectra are most consistent with an Sq or K taxonomic classification, though some ambiguity remains. Finally, its phase curve exhibits a notably shallow slope ($G = 0.51 \pm 0.11$), from which we derive an absolute magnitude of $H_\mathrm{R} = 23.82\pm0.09$ mag. After color correction and taking into account other models for the phase function, we report an absolute magnitude of $H_\mathrm{V} = 24.14\pm0.25$ mag. These characterizations, rotation period, taxonomy, and surface properties, would have been crucial for risk assessment and mitigation planning had the initially high impact probability scenario been confirmed, underscoring the importance for planetary defense of a rapid, coordinated international response. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_09405 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Rapid-response characterization of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4 during a Torino Scale 3 alert Devogèle, Maxime Hainaut, Olivier R. Micheli, Marco Pravec, Petr Cano, Juan Luis Ocaña, Francisco Conversi, Luca Moskovitz, Nicholas de León, Julia Gray, Zuri Granvik, Mikael Fedorets, Grigori de Micas, Jules Bourdelle Ieva, Simone Dotto, Elisabetta Beuden, Tracie Fuls, Carson Kareta, Teddy Bagnulo, Stefano Barucci, Maria Antonella Birlan, Mirel Farina, Andrea Hornoch, Kamil Fatka, Petr Kušnirák, Peter Ferri, Francesca Fulchignoni, Marcello Lazzarin, Monica La Forgia, Fiorangela Epifani, Elena Mazzotta Mura, Alessandra Perna, Davide Bendjoya, Philippe Rivet, Jean-Pierre Cellino, Alberto Earth and Planetary Astrophysics On 27 December 2024, near-Earth object (NEO) 2024 YR$_4$ was discovered by the ATLAS survey and identified as a virtual impactor. A few weeks later, it eventually reached level 3 on the Torino Scale and was the first and only asteroid to be ever classified at that level. Here we report an intensive observational campaign combining time-series photometry in the visible, broadband visible and near-infrared colors, and low-resolution visible reflectance spectroscopy to assess its physical properties. Fourier analysis of the lightcurves yields a synodic rotation period of $P = 19.46341 \pm 0.00008$ min, placing 2024 YR$_4$ among the fast rotators, even if such rotation is common for objects of similar $H$ magnitude. Its visible and near-infrared colors and spectra are most consistent with an Sq or K taxonomic classification, though some ambiguity remains. Finally, its phase curve exhibits a notably shallow slope ($G = 0.51 \pm 0.11$), from which we derive an absolute magnitude of $H_\mathrm{R} = 23.82\pm0.09$ mag. After color correction and taking into account other models for the phase function, we report an absolute magnitude of $H_\mathrm{V} = 24.14\pm0.25$ mag. These characterizations, rotation period, taxonomy, and surface properties, would have been crucial for risk assessment and mitigation planning had the initially high impact probability scenario been confirmed, underscoring the importance for planetary defense of a rapid, coordinated international response. |
| title | Rapid-response characterization of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4 during a Torino Scale 3 alert |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.09405 |