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Auteurs principaux: Čížek, Tomáš, Balko, Martin, Schmid, Martin
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
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Accès en ligne:https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10339
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author Čížek, Tomáš
Balko, Martin
Schmid, Martin
author_facet Čížek, Tomáš
Balko, Martin
Schmid, Martin
contents Proof-Number Search is a best-first search algorithm with many successful applications, especially in game solving. As large-scale computing clusters become increasingly accessible, parallelization is a natural way to accelerate computation. However, existing parallel versions of Proof-Number Search are known to scale poorly on many CPU cores. Using two parallelized levels and shared information among workers, we present the first massively parallel version of Proof-Number Search that scales efficiently even on a large number of CPUs. We apply our solver, enhanced with Grundy numbers for reducing game trees of impartial games, to the Sprouts game, a case study motivated by the long-standing Sprouts Conjecture. Our algorithm achieves 332.9$\times$ speedup on 1024 cores, significantly improving previous parallelizations and outperforming the state-of-the-art Sprouts solver GLOP by four orders of magnitude in runtime while generating proofs 1,000$\times$ more complex. Despite exponential growth in game tree size, our solver verified the Sprouts Conjecture for 42 new positions, nearly doubling the number of known outcomes.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_10339
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Massively Parallel Proof-Number Search for Impartial Games and Beyond
Čížek, Tomáš
Balko, Martin
Schmid, Martin
Artificial Intelligence
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Computer Science and Game Theory
Proof-Number Search is a best-first search algorithm with many successful applications, especially in game solving. As large-scale computing clusters become increasingly accessible, parallelization is a natural way to accelerate computation. However, existing parallel versions of Proof-Number Search are known to scale poorly on many CPU cores. Using two parallelized levels and shared information among workers, we present the first massively parallel version of Proof-Number Search that scales efficiently even on a large number of CPUs. We apply our solver, enhanced with Grundy numbers for reducing game trees of impartial games, to the Sprouts game, a case study motivated by the long-standing Sprouts Conjecture. Our algorithm achieves 332.9$\times$ speedup on 1024 cores, significantly improving previous parallelizations and outperforming the state-of-the-art Sprouts solver GLOP by four orders of magnitude in runtime while generating proofs 1,000$\times$ more complex. Despite exponential growth in game tree size, our solver verified the Sprouts Conjecture for 42 new positions, nearly doubling the number of known outcomes.
title Massively Parallel Proof-Number Search for Impartial Games and Beyond
topic Artificial Intelligence
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Computer Science and Game Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10339