Vector magnetometry using cavity-enhanced microwave readout in nitrogen-vacancy diamond
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866908653826605056 |
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| author | Wilcox, Reginald Phillips, David Steinecker, Matthew Eisenach, Erik Hawkins, Corey Pham, Linh Schloss, Jennifer Englund, Dirk Braje, Danielle |
| author_facet | Wilcox, Reginald Phillips, David Steinecker, Matthew Eisenach, Erik Hawkins, Corey Pham, Linh Schloss, Jennifer Englund, Dirk Braje, Danielle |
| contents | We demonstrate $4π$-steradian vector magnetic field sensing using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a single-crystal diamond coupled to a microwave (MW) cavity. The MW cavity enhances the spin-photon coupling which enables efficient, high-contrast spin-state readout via MW interrogation and removes the need for bulky optical collection components. An applied AC bias magnetic field lifts the zero-field degeneracy of the four crystallographic NV orientations, allowing each orientation to be individually addressed and used for vector reconstruction of the magnetic field. The resulting magnetometer has a 40\% contrast (20x higher than typical for optical spin-ensemble readout) and achieves a single-axis sensitivity of 250 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ which is flat from DC to 1 kHz. Noise models of the composite spin-cavity system establish MW amplitude noise as the dominant noise source and predict a thermal noise limit of 2 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_11561 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Vector magnetometry using cavity-enhanced microwave readout in nitrogen-vacancy diamond Wilcox, Reginald Phillips, David Steinecker, Matthew Eisenach, Erik Hawkins, Corey Pham, Linh Schloss, Jennifer Englund, Dirk Braje, Danielle Quantum Physics Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics Applied Physics Atomic Physics We demonstrate $4π$-steradian vector magnetic field sensing using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a single-crystal diamond coupled to a microwave (MW) cavity. The MW cavity enhances the spin-photon coupling which enables efficient, high-contrast spin-state readout via MW interrogation and removes the need for bulky optical collection components. An applied AC bias magnetic field lifts the zero-field degeneracy of the four crystallographic NV orientations, allowing each orientation to be individually addressed and used for vector reconstruction of the magnetic field. The resulting magnetometer has a 40\% contrast (20x higher than typical for optical spin-ensemble readout) and achieves a single-axis sensitivity of 250 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ which is flat from DC to 1 kHz. Noise models of the composite spin-cavity system establish MW amplitude noise as the dominant noise source and predict a thermal noise limit of 2 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$. |
| title | Vector magnetometry using cavity-enhanced microwave readout in nitrogen-vacancy diamond |
| topic | Quantum Physics Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics Applied Physics Atomic Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11561 |