Upper Bound on the Cosmic Baryon Chemical Potential from Lepton-Flavor Asymmetry
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866908654781857792 |
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| author | Di Clemente, Francesco Drago, Alessandro Formaggio, Lorenzo Ratti, Claudia Vovchenko, Volodymyr Yadav, Geetika |
| author_facet | Di Clemente, Francesco Drago, Alessandro Formaggio, Lorenzo Ratti, Claudia Vovchenko, Volodymyr Yadav, Geetika |
| contents | We study the early Universe trajectory around the QCD transition in lepton-flavor-asymmetric cases with small total lepton asymmetry ($|\ell|\lesssim 10^{-2}$), while allowing large individual lepton asymmetries. For each temperature, we find an upper bound on the baryon chemical potential $μ_{\mathrm B}(T)$: $τ$--$μ$ asymmetric cases exhibit a local maximum, whereas $μ$--$e$ cases approach a limiting curve. Thus, even extreme lepton-flavor asymmetry alone cannot reach a first-order region, unless the critical point is moved to a substantially lower $μ_\mathrm{B}/T$ because of the nonzero $μ_\mathrm{Q}$. Therefore, we constrain the QCD-era relic to the standard scenario of a chiral crossover transition. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_11995 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Upper Bound on the Cosmic Baryon Chemical Potential from Lepton-Flavor Asymmetry Di Clemente, Francesco Drago, Alessandro Formaggio, Lorenzo Ratti, Claudia Vovchenko, Volodymyr Yadav, Geetika High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Theory We study the early Universe trajectory around the QCD transition in lepton-flavor-asymmetric cases with small total lepton asymmetry ($|\ell|\lesssim 10^{-2}$), while allowing large individual lepton asymmetries. For each temperature, we find an upper bound on the baryon chemical potential $μ_{\mathrm B}(T)$: $τ$--$μ$ asymmetric cases exhibit a local maximum, whereas $μ$--$e$ cases approach a limiting curve. Thus, even extreme lepton-flavor asymmetry alone cannot reach a first-order region, unless the critical point is moved to a substantially lower $μ_\mathrm{B}/T$ because of the nonzero $μ_\mathrm{Q}$. Therefore, we constrain the QCD-era relic to the standard scenario of a chiral crossover transition. |
| title | Upper Bound on the Cosmic Baryon Chemical Potential from Lepton-Flavor Asymmetry |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11995 |