An Unusual Velocity Field in a Sunspot Penumbra
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Balthasar, H. Denker, C. Diercke, A. Manrique, S. J. González Kuckein, C. Böttcher, J. Löhner Louis, R. E. Sobotka, M. Verma, M. |
| author_facet | Balthasar, H. Denker, C. Diercke, A. Manrique, S. J. González Kuckein, C. Böttcher, J. Löhner Louis, R. E. Sobotka, M. Verma, M. |
| contents | The photospheric Evershed flow is normally oriented radially outward, yet sometimes opposite velocities are observed not only in the chromosphere but also in the photospheric layers of the penumbra. We study the velocity field in a special case of an active region with two mature sunspots, where one of them formed several days later than the main one. Between the two spots, flux emergence is still ongoing influencing the velocity pattern. We observed the active region NOAA 12146 on August 24, 2014, with the GREGOR Fabry-Pérot Interferometer (GFPI) and the Blue Imaging Channel (BIC) of the GREGOR solar telescope at Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife. Context data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) complement the high-resolution data. In the penumbra of a newly formed spot, we observe opposite Doppler velocity streams of up to +-2 km/s very close to each other. These velocities extend beyond the outer penumbral boundary and cross also the polarity-inversion line. The properties of the magnetic field do not change significantly between these two streams. Although the magnetic field is almost horizontal, we do not detect large transversal velocities in horizontal flow maps obtained with the local correlation technique. The ongoing emergence of magnetic flux in an active region causes flows of opposite directions intruding the penumbra of a pre-existing sunspot. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_13374 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | An Unusual Velocity Field in a Sunspot Penumbra Balthasar, H. Denker, C. Diercke, A. Manrique, S. J. González Kuckein, C. Böttcher, J. Löhner Louis, R. E. Sobotka, M. Verma, M. Solar and Stellar Astrophysics The photospheric Evershed flow is normally oriented radially outward, yet sometimes opposite velocities are observed not only in the chromosphere but also in the photospheric layers of the penumbra. We study the velocity field in a special case of an active region with two mature sunspots, where one of them formed several days later than the main one. Between the two spots, flux emergence is still ongoing influencing the velocity pattern. We observed the active region NOAA 12146 on August 24, 2014, with the GREGOR Fabry-Pérot Interferometer (GFPI) and the Blue Imaging Channel (BIC) of the GREGOR solar telescope at Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife. Context data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) complement the high-resolution data. In the penumbra of a newly formed spot, we observe opposite Doppler velocity streams of up to +-2 km/s very close to each other. These velocities extend beyond the outer penumbral boundary and cross also the polarity-inversion line. The properties of the magnetic field do not change significantly between these two streams. Although the magnetic field is almost horizontal, we do not detect large transversal velocities in horizontal flow maps obtained with the local correlation technique. The ongoing emergence of magnetic flux in an active region causes flows of opposite directions intruding the penumbra of a pre-existing sunspot. |
| title | An Unusual Velocity Field in a Sunspot Penumbra |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.13374 |