Simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions with qubits and qumodes

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Hauptverfasser: Ale, Victor, Rainaldi, Tommaso, Rico, Enrique, Ringer, Felix, Siopsis, George
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Ale, Victor
Rainaldi, Tommaso
Rico, Enrique
Ringer, Felix
Siopsis, George
author_facet Ale, Victor
Rainaldi, Tommaso
Rico, Enrique
Ringer, Felix
Siopsis, George
contents We develop a hybrid qubit-qumode framework for simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions. In this approach, fermionic matter fields are represented by qubits, while U(1) gauge fields are encoded in continuous-variable bosonic modes whose canonical quadratures capture the electric and vector-potential components of the theory. To reconcile the non-compact phase space of the qumodes with the compact U(1) gauge symmetry, we introduce and compare two complementary constraint-enforcement strategies: (i) a squeezing-based projection that confines qumode states to the unit circle through an effective modification of the inner product, and (ii) a method that dynamically enforces compactness via a penalty Hamiltonian term. We construct the corresponding hybrid Hamiltonian, derive its decomposition into experimentally accessible qubit-qumode gates, and analyze its spectrum in the analytically tractable single-plaquette limit. The hybrid formulation reproduces the correct gauge-invariant dynamics and provides a scalable route toward simulating Abelian lattice gauge theories coupled to fermionic matter on near-term hybrid quantum architectures. Ground-state preparation and convergence are demonstrated using a continuous-variable extension of the Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution (QITE) algorithm, establishing a general framework for hybrid discrete-continuous quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_14506
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions with qubits and qumodes
Ale, Victor
Rainaldi, Tommaso
Rico, Enrique
Ringer, Felix
Siopsis, George
Quantum Physics
High Energy Physics - Lattice
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Nuclear Theory
We develop a hybrid qubit-qumode framework for simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions. In this approach, fermionic matter fields are represented by qubits, while U(1) gauge fields are encoded in continuous-variable bosonic modes whose canonical quadratures capture the electric and vector-potential components of the theory. To reconcile the non-compact phase space of the qumodes with the compact U(1) gauge symmetry, we introduce and compare two complementary constraint-enforcement strategies: (i) a squeezing-based projection that confines qumode states to the unit circle through an effective modification of the inner product, and (ii) a method that dynamically enforces compactness via a penalty Hamiltonian term. We construct the corresponding hybrid Hamiltonian, derive its decomposition into experimentally accessible qubit-qumode gates, and analyze its spectrum in the analytically tractable single-plaquette limit. The hybrid formulation reproduces the correct gauge-invariant dynamics and provides a scalable route toward simulating Abelian lattice gauge theories coupled to fermionic matter on near-term hybrid quantum architectures. Ground-state preparation and convergence are demonstrated using a continuous-variable extension of the Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution (QITE) algorithm, establishing a general framework for hybrid discrete-continuous quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories.
title Simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions with qubits and qumodes
topic Quantum Physics
High Energy Physics - Lattice
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Nuclear Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.14506