Simulated Human Learning in a Dynamic, Partially-Observed, Time-Series Environment

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Jiang, Jeffrey, Hong, Kevin, Kuczynski, Emily, Pottie, Gregory
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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_version_ 1866915626637852672
author Jiang, Jeffrey
Hong, Kevin
Kuczynski, Emily
Pottie, Gregory
author_facet Jiang, Jeffrey
Hong, Kevin
Kuczynski, Emily
Pottie, Gregory
contents While intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) can use information from past students to personalize instruction, each new student is unique. Moreover, the education problem is inherently difficult because the learning process is only partially observable. We therefore develop a dynamic, time-series environment to simulate a classroom setting, with student-teacher interventions - including tutoring sessions, lectures, and exams. In particular, we design the simulated environment to allow for varying levels of probing interventions that can gather more information. Then, we develop reinforcement learning ITSs that combine learning the individual state of students while pulling from population information through the use of probing interventions. These interventions can reduce the difficulty of student estimation, but also introduce a cost-benefit decision to find a balance between probing enough to get accurate estimates and probing so often that it becomes disruptive to the student. We compare the efficacy of standard RL algorithms with several greedy rules-based heuristic approaches to find that they provide different solutions, but with similar results. We also highlight the difficulty of the problem with increasing levels of hidden information, and the boost that we get if we allow for probing interventions. We show the flexibility of both heuristic and RL policies with regards to changing student population distributions, finding that both are flexible, but RL policies struggle to help harder classes. Finally, we test different course structures with non-probing policies and we find that our policies are able to boost the performance of quiz and midterm structures more than we can in a finals-only structure, highlighting the benefit of having additional information.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_15032
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Simulated Human Learning in a Dynamic, Partially-Observed, Time-Series Environment
Jiang, Jeffrey
Hong, Kevin
Kuczynski, Emily
Pottie, Gregory
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Human-Computer Interaction
97U50
I.2.6; I.2.8; I.2.1; K.3.1; K.3.2
While intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) can use information from past students to personalize instruction, each new student is unique. Moreover, the education problem is inherently difficult because the learning process is only partially observable. We therefore develop a dynamic, time-series environment to simulate a classroom setting, with student-teacher interventions - including tutoring sessions, lectures, and exams. In particular, we design the simulated environment to allow for varying levels of probing interventions that can gather more information. Then, we develop reinforcement learning ITSs that combine learning the individual state of students while pulling from population information through the use of probing interventions. These interventions can reduce the difficulty of student estimation, but also introduce a cost-benefit decision to find a balance between probing enough to get accurate estimates and probing so often that it becomes disruptive to the student. We compare the efficacy of standard RL algorithms with several greedy rules-based heuristic approaches to find that they provide different solutions, but with similar results. We also highlight the difficulty of the problem with increasing levels of hidden information, and the boost that we get if we allow for probing interventions. We show the flexibility of both heuristic and RL policies with regards to changing student population distributions, finding that both are flexible, but RL policies struggle to help harder classes. Finally, we test different course structures with non-probing policies and we find that our policies are able to boost the performance of quiz and midterm structures more than we can in a finals-only structure, highlighting the benefit of having additional information.
title Simulated Human Learning in a Dynamic, Partially-Observed, Time-Series Environment
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Human-Computer Interaction
97U50
I.2.6; I.2.8; I.2.1; K.3.1; K.3.2
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.15032