Local fermion density in inhomogeneous free-fermion chains: a discrete WKB approach

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Main Authors: Zapata, Martín, Finkel, Federico, González-López, Artemio
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Zapata, Martín
Finkel, Federico
González-López, Artemio
author_facet Zapata, Martín
Finkel, Federico
González-López, Artemio
contents We introduce a novel analytical approach for studying free-fermion (XX) chains with smoothly varying, site-dependent hoppings and magnetic fields. Building on a discrete WKB-like approximation applied directly to the recurrence relation for the single-particle eigenfunctions, we derive a closed-form expression for the local fermion density profile as a function of the Fermi energy, which is valid for arbitrary fillings, hopping amplitudes and magnetic fields. This formula reproduces the depletion and saturation effects observed in previous studies of inhomogeneous free-fermion chains, and provides a theoretical framework to understand entanglement entropy suppression in these models. We demonstrate the accuracy of our asymptotic formula in several chains with different hopping and magnetic field profiles. Our findings are thus the first step towards an analytical treatment of entanglement in free-fermion chains beyond the reach of conventional field-theoretic techniques.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_16473
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Local fermion density in inhomogeneous free-fermion chains: a discrete WKB approach
Zapata, Martín
Finkel, Federico
González-López, Artemio
Quantum Physics
Strongly Correlated Electrons
Mathematical Physics
We introduce a novel analytical approach for studying free-fermion (XX) chains with smoothly varying, site-dependent hoppings and magnetic fields. Building on a discrete WKB-like approximation applied directly to the recurrence relation for the single-particle eigenfunctions, we derive a closed-form expression for the local fermion density profile as a function of the Fermi energy, which is valid for arbitrary fillings, hopping amplitudes and magnetic fields. This formula reproduces the depletion and saturation effects observed in previous studies of inhomogeneous free-fermion chains, and provides a theoretical framework to understand entanglement entropy suppression in these models. We demonstrate the accuracy of our asymptotic formula in several chains with different hopping and magnetic field profiles. Our findings are thus the first step towards an analytical treatment of entanglement in free-fermion chains beyond the reach of conventional field-theoretic techniques.
title Local fermion density in inhomogeneous free-fermion chains: a discrete WKB approach
topic Quantum Physics
Strongly Correlated Electrons
Mathematical Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.16473