MonoSpheres: Large-Scale Monocular SLAM-Based UAV Exploration through Perception-Coupled Mapping and Planning

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Musil, Tomáš, Petrlík, Matěj, Saska, Martin
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Musil, Tomáš
Petrlík, Matěj
Saska, Martin
author_facet Musil, Tomáš
Petrlík, Matěj
Saska, Martin
contents Autonomous exploration of unknown environments is a key capability for mobile robots, but it is largely unsolved for robots equipped with only a single monocular camera and no dense range sensors. In this paper, we present a novel approach to monocular vision-based exploration that can safely cover large-scale unstructured indoor and outdoor 3D environments by explicitly accounting for the properties of a sparse monocular SLAM frontend in both mapping and planning. The mapping module solves the problems of sparse depth data, free-space gaps, and large depth uncertainty by oversampling free space in texture-sparse areas and keeping track of obstacle position uncertainty. The planning module handles the added free-space uncertainty through rapid replanning and perception-aware heading control. We further show that frontier-based exploration is possible with sparse monocular depth data when parallax requirements and the possibility of textureless surfaces are taken into account. We evaluate our approach extensively in diverse real-world and simulated environments, including ablation studies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the proposed method is the first to achieve 3D monocular exploration in real-world unstructured outdoor environments. We open-source our implementation to support future research.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_17299
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle MonoSpheres: Large-Scale Monocular SLAM-Based UAV Exploration through Perception-Coupled Mapping and Planning
Musil, Tomáš
Petrlík, Matěj
Saska, Martin
Robotics
Autonomous exploration of unknown environments is a key capability for mobile robots, but it is largely unsolved for robots equipped with only a single monocular camera and no dense range sensors. In this paper, we present a novel approach to monocular vision-based exploration that can safely cover large-scale unstructured indoor and outdoor 3D environments by explicitly accounting for the properties of a sparse monocular SLAM frontend in both mapping and planning. The mapping module solves the problems of sparse depth data, free-space gaps, and large depth uncertainty by oversampling free space in texture-sparse areas and keeping track of obstacle position uncertainty. The planning module handles the added free-space uncertainty through rapid replanning and perception-aware heading control. We further show that frontier-based exploration is possible with sparse monocular depth data when parallax requirements and the possibility of textureless surfaces are taken into account. We evaluate our approach extensively in diverse real-world and simulated environments, including ablation studies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the proposed method is the first to achieve 3D monocular exploration in real-world unstructured outdoor environments. We open-source our implementation to support future research.
title MonoSpheres: Large-Scale Monocular SLAM-Based UAV Exploration through Perception-Coupled Mapping and Planning
topic Robotics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.17299