Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Lu and Yb Ions for Nuclear Charge Radius Determination

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Main Authors: Staiger, Hunter, Takacs, Endre, Blundell, Steven A., Kimura, Naoki, Sakaue, Hiroyuki A., Ruiz, Ronald F. Garcia, Nazarewicz, Witold, Reinhard, Paul-Gerhard, Faiyaz, Chowdhury A., Suzuki, Chihiro, Dipti, Angeli, István, Ralchenko, Yuri, Murakami, Izumi, Kato, Daiji, Nagai, Yuki, Takaoka, Ryuji, Miya, Yoshiki, Nakamura, Nobuyuki
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Staiger, Hunter
Takacs, Endre
Blundell, Steven A.
Kimura, Naoki
Sakaue, Hiroyuki A.
Ruiz, Ronald F. Garcia
Nazarewicz, Witold
Reinhard, Paul-Gerhard
Faiyaz, Chowdhury A.
Suzuki, Chihiro
Dipti
Angeli, István
Ralchenko, Yuri
Murakami, Izumi
Kato, Daiji
Nagai, Yuki
Takaoka, Ryuji
Miya, Yoshiki
Nakamura, Nobuyuki
author_facet Staiger, Hunter
Takacs, Endre
Blundell, Steven A.
Kimura, Naoki
Sakaue, Hiroyuki A.
Ruiz, Ronald F. Garcia
Nazarewicz, Witold
Reinhard, Paul-Gerhard
Faiyaz, Chowdhury A.
Suzuki, Chihiro
Dipti
Angeli, István
Ralchenko, Yuri
Murakami, Izumi
Kato, Daiji
Nagai, Yuki
Takaoka, Ryuji
Miya, Yoshiki
Nakamura, Nobuyuki
contents We report a high-precision determination of the natural-abundance-averaged nuclear charge-radius difference between Yb and Lu using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy of highly charged ions (HCIs). By measuring the $D_1$ transition energies in Na- and Mg-like charge states of Lu and Yb confined in the Tokyo electron-beam ion trap, we extract meV-level energy shifts that are directly sensitive to nuclear-size effects. Transition-energy differences obtained from these spectra are compared with state-of-the-art relativistic many-body perturbation theory, including a new treatment of Mg-like ions. We develop a generalized framework to propagate uncertainties arising from nuclear deformation and surface diffuseness and evaluate corresponding nuclear-sensitivity coefficients. Combining Na- and Mg-like results yields mutually consistent radius differences, demonstrating the robustness of both the experimental calibration and the theoretical predictions. To determine absolute isotopic radii, we perform a generalized least-squares optimization incorporating our HCI constraints together with optical-isotope-shift data and muonic-atom results. This analysis establishes that the $^{175}$Lu charge radius is smaller than that of $^{174}$Yb, restoring the expected odd-even staggering across the $N=94$ isotonic chain. Our recommended value, $R(^{175}\text{Lu}) = 5.291(11)$ fm, reduces the uncertainty of the Lu radius by a factor of three compared with the previous electron-scattering result and resolves a long-standing anomaly in rare-earth nuclear systematics. This work demonstrates that EUV spectroscopy of HCIs provides a powerful and broadly applicable method for precision nuclear-structure studies in heavy, deformed nuclei. The techniques developed here enable future investigations of isotonic and isoelectronic sequences, including radioactive nuclides and higher-$Z$ systems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_20537
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Lu and Yb Ions for Nuclear Charge Radius Determination
Staiger, Hunter
Takacs, Endre
Blundell, Steven A.
Kimura, Naoki
Sakaue, Hiroyuki A.
Ruiz, Ronald F. Garcia
Nazarewicz, Witold
Reinhard, Paul-Gerhard
Faiyaz, Chowdhury A.
Suzuki, Chihiro
Dipti
Angeli, István
Ralchenko, Yuri
Murakami, Izumi
Kato, Daiji
Nagai, Yuki
Takaoka, Ryuji
Miya, Yoshiki
Nakamura, Nobuyuki
Atomic Physics
We report a high-precision determination of the natural-abundance-averaged nuclear charge-radius difference between Yb and Lu using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy of highly charged ions (HCIs). By measuring the $D_1$ transition energies in Na- and Mg-like charge states of Lu and Yb confined in the Tokyo electron-beam ion trap, we extract meV-level energy shifts that are directly sensitive to nuclear-size effects. Transition-energy differences obtained from these spectra are compared with state-of-the-art relativistic many-body perturbation theory, including a new treatment of Mg-like ions. We develop a generalized framework to propagate uncertainties arising from nuclear deformation and surface diffuseness and evaluate corresponding nuclear-sensitivity coefficients. Combining Na- and Mg-like results yields mutually consistent radius differences, demonstrating the robustness of both the experimental calibration and the theoretical predictions. To determine absolute isotopic radii, we perform a generalized least-squares optimization incorporating our HCI constraints together with optical-isotope-shift data and muonic-atom results. This analysis establishes that the $^{175}$Lu charge radius is smaller than that of $^{174}$Yb, restoring the expected odd-even staggering across the $N=94$ isotonic chain. Our recommended value, $R(^{175}\text{Lu}) = 5.291(11)$ fm, reduces the uncertainty of the Lu radius by a factor of three compared with the previous electron-scattering result and resolves a long-standing anomaly in rare-earth nuclear systematics. This work demonstrates that EUV spectroscopy of HCIs provides a powerful and broadly applicable method for precision nuclear-structure studies in heavy, deformed nuclei. The techniques developed here enable future investigations of isotonic and isoelectronic sequences, including radioactive nuclides and higher-$Z$ systems.
title Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Lu and Yb Ions for Nuclear Charge Radius Determination
topic Atomic Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20537