A universal framework for nonlinear frequency combs under electro-optic modulation
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1866908680141668352 |
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| author | Xue, Yanyun Lv, Xianpeng Wu, Guangxing Lei, Tianqi Cao, Chenyang Lei, Yiming Wang, Min Li, Yan Gong, Qihuang Zhu, Di Hu, Yaowen |
| author_facet | Xue, Yanyun Lv, Xianpeng Wu, Guangxing Lei, Tianqi Cao, Chenyang Lei, Yiming Wang, Min Li, Yan Gong, Qihuang Zhu, Di Hu, Yaowen |
| contents | Nonlinear frequency combs, including electro-optic and Kerr combs, have become central platforms for chip-scale frequency synthesis. Recent breakthroughs in strong-coupling electro-optic modulation further expanded their accessible nonlinear dynamics, unlocking new phenomena and functionalities, but the underlying foundation remains largely unexplored. Here we establish a universal theoretical and experimental framework for nonlinear combs under arbitrary electro-optic modulation by introducing a general evolution equation (GEE) that transcends the mean-field Lugiato-Lefever equation. The GEE reduces to a discrete-time Integration Hamiltonian that provides a frequency-domain formalism unifying strong-coupling electro-optic modulation with photonic synthetic dimensions. Together with a band-wave correspondence linking modulation waveforms to synthetic band structures, the formalism enables programmable spectral control. We further show compatibility between Kerr nonlinearity and strong-coupling electro-optic modulation, highlighting their cooperative dynamics. Our work provides a foundational model for strong-coupling electro-optics in nonlinear combs, opening a route toward chip-integrated, microwave-programmable comb sources for metrology, spectroscopy, and emerging photonic technologies. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_21059 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A universal framework for nonlinear frequency combs under electro-optic modulation Xue, Yanyun Lv, Xianpeng Wu, Guangxing Lei, Tianqi Cao, Chenyang Lei, Yiming Wang, Min Li, Yan Gong, Qihuang Zhu, Di Hu, Yaowen Optics Applied Physics Nonlinear frequency combs, including electro-optic and Kerr combs, have become central platforms for chip-scale frequency synthesis. Recent breakthroughs in strong-coupling electro-optic modulation further expanded their accessible nonlinear dynamics, unlocking new phenomena and functionalities, but the underlying foundation remains largely unexplored. Here we establish a universal theoretical and experimental framework for nonlinear combs under arbitrary electro-optic modulation by introducing a general evolution equation (GEE) that transcends the mean-field Lugiato-Lefever equation. The GEE reduces to a discrete-time Integration Hamiltonian that provides a frequency-domain formalism unifying strong-coupling electro-optic modulation with photonic synthetic dimensions. Together with a band-wave correspondence linking modulation waveforms to synthetic band structures, the formalism enables programmable spectral control. We further show compatibility between Kerr nonlinearity and strong-coupling electro-optic modulation, highlighting their cooperative dynamics. Our work provides a foundational model for strong-coupling electro-optics in nonlinear combs, opening a route toward chip-integrated, microwave-programmable comb sources for metrology, spectroscopy, and emerging photonic technologies. |
| title | A universal framework for nonlinear frequency combs under electro-optic modulation |
| topic | Optics Applied Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21059 |