Understanding Regional Inertia Dynamics in CAISO from Real Grid Disturbances

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Dulal, Saurav, Olama, Mohammed M., Ekti, Ali R., Stenvig, Nils M., Liu, Yilu
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Dulal, Saurav
Olama, Mohammed M.
Ekti, Ali R.
Stenvig, Nils M.
Liu, Yilu
author_facet Dulal, Saurav
Olama, Mohammed M.
Ekti, Ali R.
Stenvig, Nils M.
Liu, Yilu
contents The shift from synchronous generators to inverter-based resources has caused power system inertia to be unevenly distributed across power grids. As a result, certain grid regions are more vulnerable to high rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF) during disturbances. This paper presents a measurement-based framework for estimating grid inertia in CAISO (California Independent System Operator) region using real disturbance-driven frequency data from the Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET/GridEye). By analyzing confirmed disturbances from 2013 to 2024, we identify trends in regional inertia and frequency dynamics, highlighting their relationship with renewable generation and the evolving duck curve. Regional RoCoF values were up to six times higher than interconnection-wide values, coinciding with declining inertia. Recent recovery in inertia is attributed to the increased deployment of battery energy storage systems with synthetic inertia capabilities. These findings underscore the importance of regional inertia monitoring, strategic resource planning, and adaptive operational practices to ensure grid reliability amid growing renewable integration.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_21387
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Understanding Regional Inertia Dynamics in CAISO from Real Grid Disturbances
Dulal, Saurav
Olama, Mohammed M.
Ekti, Ali R.
Stenvig, Nils M.
Liu, Yilu
Systems and Control
The shift from synchronous generators to inverter-based resources has caused power system inertia to be unevenly distributed across power grids. As a result, certain grid regions are more vulnerable to high rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF) during disturbances. This paper presents a measurement-based framework for estimating grid inertia in CAISO (California Independent System Operator) region using real disturbance-driven frequency data from the Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET/GridEye). By analyzing confirmed disturbances from 2013 to 2024, we identify trends in regional inertia and frequency dynamics, highlighting their relationship with renewable generation and the evolving duck curve. Regional RoCoF values were up to six times higher than interconnection-wide values, coinciding with declining inertia. Recent recovery in inertia is attributed to the increased deployment of battery energy storage systems with synthetic inertia capabilities. These findings underscore the importance of regional inertia monitoring, strategic resource planning, and adaptive operational practices to ensure grid reliability amid growing renewable integration.
title Understanding Regional Inertia Dynamics in CAISO from Real Grid Disturbances
topic Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21387