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Main Authors: Li, Xiang-Qian, Yan, Hao-Peng, Yue, Xiao-Jun
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21789
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author Li, Xiang-Qian
Yan, Hao-Peng
Yue, Xiao-Jun
author_facet Li, Xiang-Qian
Yan, Hao-Peng
Yue, Xiao-Jun
contents The direct imaging of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) enables strong-field tests of gravity. We study the cosmological evolution and the black-hole shadow radius in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity coupled to Kaniadakis holographic dark energy (KHDE), adopting the future event horizon as the infrared cutoff. Using Cosmic Chronometers, Pantheon+ Type Ia supernovae, and DESI BAO data, we constrain the model with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis. The best-fit values favor a phantom-like equation of state driven by Kaniadakis entropy ($c\simeq 1.18$, $β\simeq 2.26$), but $β$ remains weakly constrained ($β=2.26^{+0.11}_{-2.20}$), consistent with the standard holographic limit $β\to0$ at $1σ$. The EGB coupling is constrained to $α\simeq -0.004$, also consistent with General Relativity ($α=0$) at $1σ$. Guided by the posterior, we define five representative scenarios to probe the dynamical phase space. We find that the accretion history is highly sensitive to the thermodynamic sector: standard holographic cases yield monotonic evolution, whereas phantom-divide crossing leads to non-monotonic behavior in both the black hole mass and the vacuum shadow radius. Including a dispersive plasma medium, refraction dominates over intrinsic mass growth and induces an overall shrinkage of the observable shadow at high redshift; nevertheless, a residual intrinsic deviation of $\sim6\%$ (for our conservative accretion setup) persists at $z\simeq2$ relative to the $Λ$CDM prediction. These results indicate that, despite environmental dominance, precision population analyses of black hole shadows may help disentangle subtle dynamical dark-energy imprints from the standard cosmological paradigm.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_21789
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Cosmological Constraints on 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity and Kaniadakis Holographic Dark Energy: Implications for Black Hole Shadows
Li, Xiang-Qian
Yan, Hao-Peng
Yue, Xiao-Jun
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Theory
The direct imaging of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) enables strong-field tests of gravity. We study the cosmological evolution and the black-hole shadow radius in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity coupled to Kaniadakis holographic dark energy (KHDE), adopting the future event horizon as the infrared cutoff. Using Cosmic Chronometers, Pantheon+ Type Ia supernovae, and DESI BAO data, we constrain the model with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis. The best-fit values favor a phantom-like equation of state driven by Kaniadakis entropy ($c\simeq 1.18$, $β\simeq 2.26$), but $β$ remains weakly constrained ($β=2.26^{+0.11}_{-2.20}$), consistent with the standard holographic limit $β\to0$ at $1σ$. The EGB coupling is constrained to $α\simeq -0.004$, also consistent with General Relativity ($α=0$) at $1σ$. Guided by the posterior, we define five representative scenarios to probe the dynamical phase space. We find that the accretion history is highly sensitive to the thermodynamic sector: standard holographic cases yield monotonic evolution, whereas phantom-divide crossing leads to non-monotonic behavior in both the black hole mass and the vacuum shadow radius. Including a dispersive plasma medium, refraction dominates over intrinsic mass growth and induces an overall shrinkage of the observable shadow at high redshift; nevertheless, a residual intrinsic deviation of $\sim6\%$ (for our conservative accretion setup) persists at $z\simeq2$ relative to the $Λ$CDM prediction. These results indicate that, despite environmental dominance, precision population analyses of black hole shadows may help disentangle subtle dynamical dark-energy imprints from the standard cosmological paradigm.
title Cosmological Constraints on 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity and Kaniadakis Holographic Dark Energy: Implications for Black Hole Shadows
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21789