_version_ 1866918221942095872
author Škorjanc, Viktor
Severin, Stefanie
Veber, Alexander
Prieto, Mauricio J.
Tănase, Liviu C.
Miaskiewicz, Aleksandra
Weitz, Sebastian
Hsueh, Jing-Wen
Mawass, Mohamad-Assaad
Caldas, Lucas de Souza
Manyarasu, Suresh
Holzhey, Philippe
Wutke, Erik
Demchyshyn, Stepan
Leyden, Matthew R.
Harter, Angelika
Duarte, Roberto Felix
Kurpiers, Jona
Wagner, Philipp
Stannovski, Bernd
Puskar, Ljiljana
Mainz, Roland
Abou-Ras, Daniel
Schmidt, Thomas
Korte, Lars
Roß, Marcel
Albrecht, Steve
author_facet Škorjanc, Viktor
Severin, Stefanie
Veber, Alexander
Prieto, Mauricio J.
Tănase, Liviu C.
Miaskiewicz, Aleksandra
Weitz, Sebastian
Hsueh, Jing-Wen
Mawass, Mohamad-Assaad
Caldas, Lucas de Souza
Manyarasu, Suresh
Holzhey, Philippe
Wutke, Erik
Demchyshyn, Stepan
Leyden, Matthew R.
Harter, Angelika
Duarte, Roberto Felix
Kurpiers, Jona
Wagner, Philipp
Stannovski, Bernd
Puskar, Ljiljana
Mainz, Roland
Abou-Ras, Daniel
Schmidt, Thomas
Korte, Lars
Roß, Marcel
Albrecht, Steve
contents Monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells experienced a significant increase in efficiency, making them viable for industrial applications. Among the various scalable and industry-compatible metal halide perovskite deposition techniques, co-evaporation stands out as particularly well-suited for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells due to its ability to conformally cover textured silicon bottom cells. Solution-processed [2-(3,6-Dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz) is commonly used as a hole-transporting material for co-evaporated metal halide perovskites. However, we show that it covers the textured surface of silicon bottom cells unevenly, impacting the film growth and leading to the formation of residual PbI2 at the buried interface. The present study reveals via X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) and infrared scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (IR s-SNOM) that a CsCl seed layer fosters organic precursor incorporation across the MeO-2PACz/perovskite interface, even in the areas with a thin MeO-2PACz layer, thereby preventing the formation of interfacial PbI2 and leading to larger apparent grains. The improvement of the metal halide perovskite film quality on the MeO-2PACz/perovskite interface and the bulk perovskite film led to 30.3% (29.7% certified) efficient perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell. The present work highlights the importance of a seed layer for a robust growth of co-evaporated metal halide perovskite and represents an important milestone for the transfer of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells from laboratory to industry.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_23004
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle CsCl seed layer homogenizes co-evaporated perovskite growth for high-efficiency fully textured perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells
Škorjanc, Viktor
Severin, Stefanie
Veber, Alexander
Prieto, Mauricio J.
Tănase, Liviu C.
Miaskiewicz, Aleksandra
Weitz, Sebastian
Hsueh, Jing-Wen
Mawass, Mohamad-Assaad
Caldas, Lucas de Souza
Manyarasu, Suresh
Holzhey, Philippe
Wutke, Erik
Demchyshyn, Stepan
Leyden, Matthew R.
Harter, Angelika
Duarte, Roberto Felix
Kurpiers, Jona
Wagner, Philipp
Stannovski, Bernd
Puskar, Ljiljana
Mainz, Roland
Abou-Ras, Daniel
Schmidt, Thomas
Korte, Lars
Roß, Marcel
Albrecht, Steve
Materials Science
Monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells experienced a significant increase in efficiency, making them viable for industrial applications. Among the various scalable and industry-compatible metal halide perovskite deposition techniques, co-evaporation stands out as particularly well-suited for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells due to its ability to conformally cover textured silicon bottom cells. Solution-processed [2-(3,6-Dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz) is commonly used as a hole-transporting material for co-evaporated metal halide perovskites. However, we show that it covers the textured surface of silicon bottom cells unevenly, impacting the film growth and leading to the formation of residual PbI2 at the buried interface. The present study reveals via X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) and infrared scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (IR s-SNOM) that a CsCl seed layer fosters organic precursor incorporation across the MeO-2PACz/perovskite interface, even in the areas with a thin MeO-2PACz layer, thereby preventing the formation of interfacial PbI2 and leading to larger apparent grains. The improvement of the metal halide perovskite film quality on the MeO-2PACz/perovskite interface and the bulk perovskite film led to 30.3% (29.7% certified) efficient perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell. The present work highlights the importance of a seed layer for a robust growth of co-evaporated metal halide perovskite and represents an important milestone for the transfer of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells from laboratory to industry.
title CsCl seed layer homogenizes co-evaporated perovskite growth for high-efficiency fully textured perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells
topic Materials Science
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23004