Large-amplitude Variability Driven by Giant Dust Storms on a Planetary-mass Companion

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Hauptverfasser: Tan, Xianyu, Zhang, Xi, Marley, Mark S., Zhou, Yifan, Lew, Ben W. P., Miles, Brittany E., Batalha, Natasha E., Biller, Beth A., Chauvin, Gaël, Hinkley, Sasha, Hoch, Kielan K. W., Manjavacas, Elena, Metchev, Stanimir, Petrus, Simon, Rickman, Emily, Skemer, Andrew, Suárez, Genaro, Sutlieff, Ben J., Vos, Johanna M., Whiteford, Niall
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Tan, Xianyu
Zhang, Xi
Marley, Mark S.
Zhou, Yifan
Lew, Ben W. P.
Miles, Brittany E.
Batalha, Natasha E.
Biller, Beth A.
Chauvin, Gaël
Hinkley, Sasha
Hoch, Kielan K. W.
Manjavacas, Elena
Metchev, Stanimir
Petrus, Simon
Rickman, Emily
Skemer, Andrew
Suárez, Genaro
Sutlieff, Ben J.
Vos, Johanna M.
Whiteford, Niall
author_facet Tan, Xianyu
Zhang, Xi
Marley, Mark S.
Zhou, Yifan
Lew, Ben W. P.
Miles, Brittany E.
Batalha, Natasha E.
Biller, Beth A.
Chauvin, Gaël
Hinkley, Sasha
Hoch, Kielan K. W.
Manjavacas, Elena
Metchev, Stanimir
Petrus, Simon
Rickman, Emily
Skemer, Andrew
Suárez, Genaro
Sutlieff, Ben J.
Vos, Johanna M.
Whiteford, Niall
contents Large-amplitude variations are commonly observed in the atmospheres of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarfs. VHS 1256B, the most variable known planet-mass object, exhibits a near-infrared flux change of nearly 40%, with red color and silicate features revealed in recent JWST spectra, challenging current theories. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate that VHS 1256B's atmosphere is dominated by planetary-scale dust storms persisting for tens of days, with large patchy clouds propagating with equatorial waves. This weather pattern, distinct from the banded structures seen on solar system giants, simultaneously explains the observed spectra and critical features in the rotational light curves, including the large amplitude, irregular evolution, and wavelength dependence, as well as the variability trends observed in near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams of dusty substellar atmospheres.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2511_23163
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Large-amplitude Variability Driven by Giant Dust Storms on a Planetary-mass Companion
Tan, Xianyu
Zhang, Xi
Marley, Mark S.
Zhou, Yifan
Lew, Ben W. P.
Miles, Brittany E.
Batalha, Natasha E.
Biller, Beth A.
Chauvin, Gaël
Hinkley, Sasha
Hoch, Kielan K. W.
Manjavacas, Elena
Metchev, Stanimir
Petrus, Simon
Rickman, Emily
Skemer, Andrew
Suárez, Genaro
Sutlieff, Ben J.
Vos, Johanna M.
Whiteford, Niall
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Large-amplitude variations are commonly observed in the atmospheres of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarfs. VHS 1256B, the most variable known planet-mass object, exhibits a near-infrared flux change of nearly 40%, with red color and silicate features revealed in recent JWST spectra, challenging current theories. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate that VHS 1256B's atmosphere is dominated by planetary-scale dust storms persisting for tens of days, with large patchy clouds propagating with equatorial waves. This weather pattern, distinct from the banded structures seen on solar system giants, simultaneously explains the observed spectra and critical features in the rotational light curves, including the large amplitude, irregular evolution, and wavelength dependence, as well as the variability trends observed in near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams of dusty substellar atmospheres.
title Large-amplitude Variability Driven by Giant Dust Storms on a Planetary-mass Companion
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23163