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Auteurs principaux: Nonaka, Myriam, Marín-Rodríguez, F. Javier, Jiricny, Alexander, Romance, Miguel, Criado, Regino, Iglesias-Pérez, Sergio, Partida, Alberto
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
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Accès en ligne:https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.00437
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author Nonaka, Myriam
Marín-Rodríguez, F. Javier
Jiricny, Alexander
Romance, Miguel
Criado, Regino
Iglesias-Pérez, Sergio
Partida, Alberto
author_facet Nonaka, Myriam
Marín-Rodríguez, F. Javier
Jiricny, Alexander
Romance, Miguel
Criado, Regino
Iglesias-Pérez, Sergio
Partida, Alberto
contents We construct the Bitcoin User Network (BUN) directly from raw blockchain data up to late 2025, which allows us to explore its mesoscopic properties and trace its temporal evolution. In particular, we analyze the structure of connected components and directed assortativity through the four variants of Newman's coefficient, implemented via custom algorithms and a dedicated database. Building on this, to characterize the distribution of structural influence, we introduce direction-sensitive centrality measures based on PageRank and HITS, which provide a complementary global analysis of the BUN and reveal a persistently unequal and increasingly core-periphery structure. In addition, we complement the structural analysis with a study of Bitcoin's price volatility using high-frequency market data. Overall, our results reveal a clear pattern of concentration within distribution: although the protocol is decentralized by design, the emergent user network evolves toward an asymmetric mesoscopic structure that indicates the existence of a few large-scale connected components that function as the critical backbone of the system.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_00437
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Concentration Within Distribution: Unmasking Bitcoin's Structural Centralization Through Network Science
Nonaka, Myriam
Marín-Rodríguez, F. Javier
Jiricny, Alexander
Romance, Miguel
Criado, Regino
Iglesias-Pérez, Sergio
Partida, Alberto
Social and Information Networks
We construct the Bitcoin User Network (BUN) directly from raw blockchain data up to late 2025, which allows us to explore its mesoscopic properties and trace its temporal evolution. In particular, we analyze the structure of connected components and directed assortativity through the four variants of Newman's coefficient, implemented via custom algorithms and a dedicated database. Building on this, to characterize the distribution of structural influence, we introduce direction-sensitive centrality measures based on PageRank and HITS, which provide a complementary global analysis of the BUN and reveal a persistently unequal and increasingly core-periphery structure. In addition, we complement the structural analysis with a study of Bitcoin's price volatility using high-frequency market data. Overall, our results reveal a clear pattern of concentration within distribution: although the protocol is decentralized by design, the emergent user network evolves toward an asymmetric mesoscopic structure that indicates the existence of a few large-scale connected components that function as the critical backbone of the system.
title Concentration Within Distribution: Unmasking Bitcoin's Structural Centralization Through Network Science
topic Social and Information Networks
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.00437