Classification of Willmore $2$-spheres in $S^n$

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Ma, Xiang, Pedit, Franz, Wang, Peng
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Ma, Xiang
Pedit, Franz
Wang, Peng
author_facet Ma, Xiang
Pedit, Franz
Wang, Peng
contents This paper resolves a long-standing open problem by providing a classification of Willmore $2$-spheres in $S^n$. We show that any such $2$-sphere is either totally isotropic--originating from the projection of a special twistor curve in the twistor bundle over an even-dimensional sphere--or strictly $k$-isotropic, obtained via $(m-k)$ steps of adjoint transforms of a strictly $m$-isotropic minimal surface in $\mathbb{R}^n$, where $0\leq k\leq m\leq[n/2]-2$. Our approach hinges on the construction of a harmonic sequence in the real Grassmannian over the Lorentz space, derived from the harmonic conformal Gauss map of the original Willmore sphere. This sequence terminates finitely and generalizes, in part, the classical theory of harmonic sequences for harmonic $2$-spheres in complex Grassmannians.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_00540
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Classification of Willmore $2$-spheres in $S^n$
Ma, Xiang
Pedit, Franz
Wang, Peng
Differential Geometry
This paper resolves a long-standing open problem by providing a classification of Willmore $2$-spheres in $S^n$. We show that any such $2$-sphere is either totally isotropic--originating from the projection of a special twistor curve in the twistor bundle over an even-dimensional sphere--or strictly $k$-isotropic, obtained via $(m-k)$ steps of adjoint transforms of a strictly $m$-isotropic minimal surface in $\mathbb{R}^n$, where $0\leq k\leq m\leq[n/2]-2$. Our approach hinges on the construction of a harmonic sequence in the real Grassmannian over the Lorentz space, derived from the harmonic conformal Gauss map of the original Willmore sphere. This sequence terminates finitely and generalizes, in part, the classical theory of harmonic sequences for harmonic $2$-spheres in complex Grassmannians.
title Classification of Willmore $2$-spheres in $S^n$
topic Differential Geometry
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.00540