A Review on Intense Electromagnetic Fields in Heavy-Ion Collisions: Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Results

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Shen, Diyu, Chen, Jinhui, Huang, Xu-Guang, Ma, Yu-Gang, Tang, Aihong, Wang, Gang
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Shen, Diyu
Chen, Jinhui
Huang, Xu-Guang
Ma, Yu-Gang
Tang, Aihong
Wang, Gang
author_facet Shen, Diyu
Chen, Jinhui
Huang, Xu-Guang
Ma, Yu-Gang
Tang, Aihong
Wang, Gang
contents In heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies, the incident nuclei travel at nearly the speed of light. These collisions deposit kinetic energy into the overlap region and create a high-temperature environment where hadrons ``melt'' into deconfined quarks and gluons. The spectator nucleons, which do not undergo scatterings, generate an ultra-intense electromagnetic field -- on the order of $10^{18}$ Gauss at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider, and $10^{19}$ Gauss at the Large Hadron Collider. These powerful electromagnetic fields have a significant impact on the produced particles, not only complicating the study of particle interactions but also inducing novel physical phenomena. To explore the nature of these fields and their interactions with deconfined quarks, we provide a detailed overview, encompassing theoretical estimations of their generation and evolution, as well as experimental efforts to detect them. We also provide physical interpretations of the discovered results and discuss potential directions for future investigations.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_00739
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Review on Intense Electromagnetic Fields in Heavy-Ion Collisions: Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Results
Shen, Diyu
Chen, Jinhui
Huang, Xu-Guang
Ma, Yu-Gang
Tang, Aihong
Wang, Gang
Nuclear Experiment
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Nuclear Theory
In heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies, the incident nuclei travel at nearly the speed of light. These collisions deposit kinetic energy into the overlap region and create a high-temperature environment where hadrons ``melt'' into deconfined quarks and gluons. The spectator nucleons, which do not undergo scatterings, generate an ultra-intense electromagnetic field -- on the order of $10^{18}$ Gauss at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider, and $10^{19}$ Gauss at the Large Hadron Collider. These powerful electromagnetic fields have a significant impact on the produced particles, not only complicating the study of particle interactions but also inducing novel physical phenomena. To explore the nature of these fields and their interactions with deconfined quarks, we provide a detailed overview, encompassing theoretical estimations of their generation and evolution, as well as experimental efforts to detect them. We also provide physical interpretations of the discovered results and discuss potential directions for future investigations.
title A Review on Intense Electromagnetic Fields in Heavy-Ion Collisions: Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Results
topic Nuclear Experiment
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Nuclear Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.00739