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Autori principali:	Girardi, G., Grazian, A., Rodighiero, G., Bisigello, L., Gandolfi, G., Bañados, E., Belladitta, S., Weaver, J. R., Eales, S., Lovell, C. C., Caputi, K. I., Enia, A., Bianchetti, A., Bontà, E. Dalla, Saifollahi, T., Vietri, A., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Aussel, H., Baccigalupi, C., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Battaglia, P., Biviano, A., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Cañas-Herrera, G., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Castignani, G., Cavuoti, S., Chambers, K. C., Cimatti, A., Colodro-Conde, C., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., De Lucia, G., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dole, H., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Escoffier, S., Farina, M., Farinelli, R., Faustini, F., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., George, K., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gracia-Carpio, J., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Holmes, W., Hook, I. M., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Brun, A. M. C. Le, Mignant, D. Le, Liebing, P., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Mainetti, G., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marcin, S., Marggraf, O., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Mora, A., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Neissner, C., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Rusholme, B., Saglia, R., Sakr, Z., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Serrano, S., Simon, P., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Steinwagner, J., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zerbi, F. M., Zucca, E., Bolzonella, M., Burigana, C., Gabarra, L., Martín-Fleitas, J., Scottez, V.
Natura:	Preprint
Pubblicazione:	2025
Soggetti:	Astrophysics of Galaxies
Accesso online:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.01489
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author	Girardi, G. Grazian, A. Rodighiero, G. Bisigello, L. Gandolfi, G. Bañados, E. Belladitta, S. Weaver, J. R. Eales, S. Lovell, C. C. Caputi, K. I. Enia, A. Bianchetti, A. Bontà, E. Dalla Saifollahi, T. Vietri, A. Aghanim, N. Altieri, B. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Aussel, H. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Balestra, A. Bardelli, S. Battaglia, P. Biviano, A. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Brinchmann, J. Camera, S. Cañas-Herrera, G. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Carretero, J. Casas, S. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Chambers, K. C. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C. J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courbin, F. Courtois, H. M. Cropper, M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. De Lucia, G. Di Giorgio, A. M. Dole, H. Douspis, M. Dubath, F. Duncan, C. A. J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Escoffier, S. Farina, M. Farinelli, R. Faustini, F. Ferriol, S. Fotopoulou, S. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Fumana, M. Galeotta, S. George, K. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gracia-Carpio, J. Grupp, F. Haugan, S. V. H. Hoar, J. Holmes, W. Hook, I. M. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Hudelot, P. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kubik, B. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Brun, A. M. C. Le Mignant, D. Le Liebing, P. Ligori, S. Lilje, P. B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maino, D. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marcin, S. Marggraf, O. Martinelli, M. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. Maurogordato, S. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Merlin, E. Meylan, G. Mora, A. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Nakajima, R. Neissner, C. Nichol, R. C. Niemi, S. -M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Percival, W. J. Pettorino, V. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L. A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Rebolo, R. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Rossetti, E. Rusholme, B. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sapone, D. Sartoris, B. Schewtschenko, J. A. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Secroun, A. Seidel, G. Seiffert, M. Serrano, S. Simon, P. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Tallada-Crespí, P. Tavagnacco, D. Taylor, A. N. Tereno, I. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Vassallo, T. Kleijn, G. Verdoes Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zerbi, F. M. Zucca, E. Bolzonella, M. Burigana, C. Gabarra, L. Martín-Fleitas, J. Scottez, V.
author_facet	Girardi, G. Grazian, A. Rodighiero, G. Bisigello, L. Gandolfi, G. Bañados, E. Belladitta, S. Weaver, J. R. Eales, S. Lovell, C. C. Caputi, K. I. Enia, A. Bianchetti, A. Bontà, E. Dalla Saifollahi, T. Vietri, A. Aghanim, N. Altieri, B. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Aussel, H. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Balestra, A. Bardelli, S. Battaglia, P. Biviano, A. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Brinchmann, J. Camera, S. Cañas-Herrera, G. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Carretero, J. Casas, S. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Chambers, K. C. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C. J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courbin, F. Courtois, H. M. Cropper, M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. De Lucia, G. Di Giorgio, A. M. Dole, H. Douspis, M. Dubath, F. Duncan, C. A. J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Escoffier, S. Farina, M. Farinelli, R. Faustini, F. Ferriol, S. Fotopoulou, S. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Fumana, M. Galeotta, S. George, K. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gracia-Carpio, J. Grupp, F. Haugan, S. V. H. Hoar, J. Holmes, W. Hook, I. M. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Hudelot, P. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kubik, B. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Brun, A. M. C. Le Mignant, D. Le Liebing, P. Ligori, S. Lilje, P. B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maino, D. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marcin, S. Marggraf, O. Martinelli, M. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. Maurogordato, S. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Merlin, E. Meylan, G. Mora, A. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Nakajima, R. Neissner, C. Nichol, R. C. Niemi, S. -M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Percival, W. J. Pettorino, V. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L. A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Rebolo, R. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Rossetti, E. Rusholme, B. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sapone, D. Sartoris, B. Schewtschenko, J. A. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Secroun, A. Seidel, G. Seiffert, M. Serrano, S. Simon, P. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Tallada-Crespí, P. Tavagnacco, D. Taylor, A. N. Tereno, I. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Vassallo, T. Kleijn, G. Verdoes Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zerbi, F. M. Zucca, E. Bolzonella, M. Burigana, C. Gabarra, L. Martín-Fleitas, J. Scottez, V.
contents	Our comprehension of the history of star formation at $z>3$ relies on rest-frame UV observations, yet this selection misses the most dusty and massive sources, yielding an incomplete census at early times. Infrared facilities such as Spitzer and the James Webb Space Telescope have revealed a hidden population at $z=3$-$6$ with extreme red colours, named HIEROs (HST-to-IRAC extremely red objects), identified by the criterion $H_{\mathrm{E}}-\mathrm{ch2}>2.25$. Recently, Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) have made it possible to further study such objects by comparing Euclid data with ancillary Spitzer/IRAC imaging. We investigate a $232$ arcmin$^2$ area in the Perseus field using VIS and NISP photometry, complemented by the four Spitzer channels and ground-based MegaCam bands ($u$, $g$, $r$, ${\rm H}α$, $i$, $z$). Applying the colour cut yields $121$ HIEROs; after removing globular clusters, brown dwarfs, and unreliable cases through visual inspection of multiband cutouts, we obtain a final sample of $42$ robust HIEROs. Photometric redshifts and physical properties are estimated with the SED-fitting code Bagpipes. From the resulting $z_{\mathrm{phot}}$ and $M_*$ values, we compute the galaxy stellar mass function at $3.5<z<5.5$. Even after excluding possible AGN hosts or systems where the stellar mass may be overestimated, the high-mass end remains comparable to previous determinations, suggesting the true abundance could be higher. These results highlight the importance of further study of this obscured population to assess its role in the cosmic star-formation rate density and its consistency with galaxy-formation models, demonstrating Euclid's capability to advance our understanding of dust-hidden star formation across early epochs.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_01489
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Euclid: The first statistical census of dusty and massive objects in the ERO/Perseus field Girardi, G. Grazian, A. Rodighiero, G. Bisigello, L. Gandolfi, G. Bañados, E. Belladitta, S. Weaver, J. R. Eales, S. Lovell, C. C. Caputi, K. I. Enia, A. Bianchetti, A. Bontà, E. Dalla Saifollahi, T. Vietri, A. Aghanim, N. Altieri, B. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Aussel, H. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Balestra, A. Bardelli, S. Battaglia, P. Biviano, A. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Brinchmann, J. Camera, S. Cañas-Herrera, G. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Carretero, J. Casas, S. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Chambers, K. C. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C. J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courbin, F. Courtois, H. M. Cropper, M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. De Lucia, G. Di Giorgio, A. M. Dole, H. Douspis, M. Dubath, F. Duncan, C. A. J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Escoffier, S. Farina, M. Farinelli, R. Faustini, F. Ferriol, S. Fotopoulou, S. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Fumana, M. Galeotta, S. George, K. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gracia-Carpio, J. Grupp, F. Haugan, S. V. H. Hoar, J. Holmes, W. Hook, I. M. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Hudelot, P. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kubik, B. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Brun, A. M. C. Le Mignant, D. Le Liebing, P. Ligori, S. Lilje, P. B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maino, D. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marcin, S. Marggraf, O. Martinelli, M. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. Maurogordato, S. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Merlin, E. Meylan, G. Mora, A. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Nakajima, R. Neissner, C. Nichol, R. C. Niemi, S. -M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Percival, W. J. Pettorino, V. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L. A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Rebolo, R. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Rossetti, E. Rusholme, B. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sapone, D. Sartoris, B. Schewtschenko, J. A. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Secroun, A. Seidel, G. Seiffert, M. Serrano, S. Simon, P. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Tallada-Crespí, P. Tavagnacco, D. Taylor, A. N. Tereno, I. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valenziano, L. Valiviita, J. Vassallo, T. Kleijn, G. Verdoes Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zerbi, F. M. Zucca, E. Bolzonella, M. Burigana, C. Gabarra, L. Martín-Fleitas, J. Scottez, V. Astrophysics of Galaxies Our comprehension of the history of star formation at $z>3$ relies on rest-frame UV observations, yet this selection misses the most dusty and massive sources, yielding an incomplete census at early times. Infrared facilities such as Spitzer and the James Webb Space Telescope have revealed a hidden population at $z=3$-$6$ with extreme red colours, named HIEROs (HST-to-IRAC extremely red objects), identified by the criterion $H_{\mathrm{E}}-\mathrm{ch2}>2.25$. Recently, Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) have made it possible to further study such objects by comparing Euclid data with ancillary Spitzer/IRAC imaging. We investigate a $232$ arcmin$^2$ area in the Perseus field using VIS and NISP photometry, complemented by the four Spitzer channels and ground-based MegaCam bands ($u$, $g$, $r$, ${\rm H}α$, $i$, $z$). Applying the colour cut yields $121$ HIEROs; after removing globular clusters, brown dwarfs, and unreliable cases through visual inspection of multiband cutouts, we obtain a final sample of $42$ robust HIEROs. Photometric redshifts and physical properties are estimated with the SED-fitting code Bagpipes. From the resulting $z_{\mathrm{phot}}$ and $M_*$ values, we compute the galaxy stellar mass function at $3.5<z<5.5$. Even after excluding possible AGN hosts or systems where the stellar mass may be overestimated, the high-mass end remains comparable to previous determinations, suggesting the true abundance could be higher. These results highlight the importance of further study of this obscured population to assess its role in the cosmic star-formation rate density and its consistency with galaxy-formation models, demonstrating Euclid's capability to advance our understanding of dust-hidden star formation across early epochs.
title	Euclid: The first statistical census of dusty and massive objects in the ERO/Perseus field
topic	Astrophysics of Galaxies
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.01489

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