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Searching for EeV photons with Telescope Array Surface Detector and neural networks

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Main Authors:	Telescope Array Collaboration, Abbasi, R. U., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Bradfield, F., Buckland, I., Campbell, W., Cheon, B. G., Endo, K., Fedynitch, A., Fujii, T., Fujisue, K., Fujita, K., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Urena, A. Galvez, Gerber, Z., Globus, N., Hanaoka, T., Hanlon, W., Hayashida, N., He, H., Hibino, K., Higuchi, R., Ikeda, D., Ivanov, D., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kawachi, Y., Kawata, K., Kharuk, I., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kobo, R., Komae, I., Komatsu, K., Komori, K., Korochkin, A., Koyama, C., Kudenko, M., Kuroiwa, M., Kusumori, Y., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lee, M. J., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Matsushita, H., Matsuzawa, A., Matthews, J. A., Matthews, J. N., Mizuno, K., Mori, M., Nagataki, S., Nakagawa, K., Nakahara, M., Nakamura, H., Nakamura, T., Nakayama, T., Nakayama, Y., Nakazawa, K., Nonaka, T., Ogio, S., Ohoka, H., Okazaki, N., Onishi, M., Oshima, A., Oshima, H., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Park, K. Y., Potts, M., Przybylak, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Remington, J., Rott, C., Rubtsov, G. I., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sakaki, N., Sakamoto, R., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sakurai, S., Sato, D., Sekino, K., Shibata, T., Shikita, J., Shimodaira, H., Shin, H. S., Shinozaki, K., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Tachibana, H., Takahashi, K., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Teramoto, M., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Udo, S., Urban, F. R., Vrabel, M., Warren, D., Yamazaki, K., Zhezher, Y., Zundel, Z., Zvirzdin, J.
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Astrophysics of Galaxies High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Experiment
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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_version_	1866910160027385856
author	Telescope Array Collaboration Abbasi, R. U. Abu-Zayyad, T. Allen, M. Belz, J. W. Bergman, D. R. Bradfield, F. Buckland, I. Campbell, W. Cheon, B. G. Endo, K. Fedynitch, A. Fujii, T. Fujisue, K. Fujita, K. Fukushima, M. Furlich, G. Urena, A. Galvez Gerber, Z. Globus, N. Hanaoka, T. Hanlon, W. Hayashida, N. He, H. Hibino, K. Higuchi, R. Ikeda, D. Ivanov, D. Jeong, S. Jui, C. C. H. Kadota, K. Kakimoto, F. Kalashev, O. Kasahara, K. Kawachi, Y. Kawata, K. Kharuk, I. Kido, E. Kim, H. B. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. W. Kobo, R. Komae, I. Komatsu, K. Komori, K. Korochkin, A. Koyama, C. Kudenko, M. Kuroiwa, M. Kusumori, Y. Kuznetsov, M. Kwon, Y. J. Lee, K. H. Lee, M. J. Lubsandorzhiev, B. Lundquist, J. P. Matsushita, H. Matsuzawa, A. Matthews, J. A. Matthews, J. N. Mizuno, K. Mori, M. Nagataki, S. Nakagawa, K. Nakahara, M. Nakamura, H. Nakamura, T. Nakayama, T. Nakayama, Y. Nakazawa, K. Nonaka, T. Ogio, S. Ohoka, H. Okazaki, N. Onishi, M. Oshima, A. Oshima, H. Ozawa, S. Park, I. H. Park, K. Y. Potts, M. Przybylak, M. Pshirkov, M. S. Remington, J. Rott, C. Rubtsov, G. I. Ryu, D. Sagawa, H. Sakaki, N. Sakamoto, R. Sako, T. Sakurai, N. Sakurai, S. Sato, D. Sekino, K. Shibata, T. Shikita, J. Shimodaira, H. Shin, H. S. Shinozaki, K. Smith, J. D. Sokolsky, P. Stokes, B. T. Stroman, T. A. Tachibana, H. Takahashi, K. Takeda, M. Takeishi, R. Taketa, A. Takita, M. Tameda, Y. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Teramoto, M. Thomas, S. B. Thomson, G. B. Tinyakov, P. Tkachev, I. Tomida, T. Troitsky, S. Tsunesada, Y. Udo, S. Urban, F. R. Vrabel, M. Warren, D. Yamazaki, K. Zhezher, Y. Zundel, Z. Zvirzdin, J.
author_facet	Telescope Array Collaboration Abbasi, R. U. Abu-Zayyad, T. Allen, M. Belz, J. W. Bergman, D. R. Bradfield, F. Buckland, I. Campbell, W. Cheon, B. G. Endo, K. Fedynitch, A. Fujii, T. Fujisue, K. Fujita, K. Fukushima, M. Furlich, G. Urena, A. Galvez Gerber, Z. Globus, N. Hanaoka, T. Hanlon, W. Hayashida, N. He, H. Hibino, K. Higuchi, R. Ikeda, D. Ivanov, D. Jeong, S. Jui, C. C. H. Kadota, K. Kakimoto, F. Kalashev, O. Kasahara, K. Kawachi, Y. Kawata, K. Kharuk, I. Kido, E. Kim, H. B. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. W. Kobo, R. Komae, I. Komatsu, K. Komori, K. Korochkin, A. Koyama, C. Kudenko, M. Kuroiwa, M. Kusumori, Y. Kuznetsov, M. Kwon, Y. J. Lee, K. H. Lee, M. J. Lubsandorzhiev, B. Lundquist, J. P. Matsushita, H. Matsuzawa, A. Matthews, J. A. Matthews, J. N. Mizuno, K. Mori, M. Nagataki, S. Nakagawa, K. Nakahara, M. Nakamura, H. Nakamura, T. Nakayama, T. Nakayama, Y. Nakazawa, K. Nonaka, T. Ogio, S. Ohoka, H. Okazaki, N. Onishi, M. Oshima, A. Oshima, H. Ozawa, S. Park, I. H. Park, K. Y. Potts, M. Przybylak, M. Pshirkov, M. S. Remington, J. Rott, C. Rubtsov, G. I. Ryu, D. Sagawa, H. Sakaki, N. Sakamoto, R. Sako, T. Sakurai, N. Sakurai, S. Sato, D. Sekino, K. Shibata, T. Shikita, J. Shimodaira, H. Shin, H. S. Shinozaki, K. Smith, J. D. Sokolsky, P. Stokes, B. T. Stroman, T. A. Tachibana, H. Takahashi, K. Takeda, M. Takeishi, R. Taketa, A. Takita, M. Tameda, Y. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Teramoto, M. Thomas, S. B. Thomson, G. B. Tinyakov, P. Tkachev, I. Tomida, T. Troitsky, S. Tsunesada, Y. Udo, S. Urban, F. R. Vrabel, M. Warren, D. Yamazaki, K. Zhezher, Y. Zundel, Z. Zvirzdin, J.
contents	Ultra-high-energy photons play an important role in probing astrophysical models and beyond-Standard-Model scenarios. We report updated limits on the diffuse photon flux using Telescope Array's Surface Detector data collected over 14 years of operation. Our method employs a neural network classifier to effectively distinguish between proton-induced and photon-induced events. The input data include both reconstructed composition-sensitive parameters and raw time-resolved signals registered by the Surface Detector stations. To mitigate biases from Monte Carlo simulations, we fine-tune the network with a subset of experimental data. The number of observed photon candidates is found to be consistent with the expected hadronic background, yielding upper limits on photon flux $Φ_γ(E_γ> 10^{19} \text{eV}) < 2.3 \cdot 10^{-3} $, and $Φ_γ(E_γ> 10^{20} \text{eV}) < 3.0 \cdot 10^{-4} $ $ (\text{km}^2 \cdot \text{sr} \cdot \text{yr})^{-1} $.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_01638
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Searching for EeV photons with Telescope Array Surface Detector and neural networks Telescope Array Collaboration Abbasi, R. U. Abu-Zayyad, T. Allen, M. Belz, J. W. Bergman, D. R. Bradfield, F. Buckland, I. Campbell, W. Cheon, B. G. Endo, K. Fedynitch, A. Fujii, T. Fujisue, K. Fujita, K. Fukushima, M. Furlich, G. Urena, A. Galvez Gerber, Z. Globus, N. Hanaoka, T. Hanlon, W. Hayashida, N. He, H. Hibino, K. Higuchi, R. Ikeda, D. Ivanov, D. Jeong, S. Jui, C. C. H. Kadota, K. Kakimoto, F. Kalashev, O. Kasahara, K. Kawachi, Y. Kawata, K. Kharuk, I. Kido, E. Kim, H. B. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. W. Kobo, R. Komae, I. Komatsu, K. Komori, K. Korochkin, A. Koyama, C. Kudenko, M. Kuroiwa, M. Kusumori, Y. Kuznetsov, M. Kwon, Y. J. Lee, K. H. Lee, M. J. Lubsandorzhiev, B. Lundquist, J. P. Matsushita, H. Matsuzawa, A. Matthews, J. A. Matthews, J. N. Mizuno, K. Mori, M. Nagataki, S. Nakagawa, K. Nakahara, M. Nakamura, H. Nakamura, T. Nakayama, T. Nakayama, Y. Nakazawa, K. Nonaka, T. Ogio, S. Ohoka, H. Okazaki, N. Onishi, M. Oshima, A. Oshima, H. Ozawa, S. Park, I. H. Park, K. Y. Potts, M. Przybylak, M. Pshirkov, M. S. Remington, J. Rott, C. Rubtsov, G. I. Ryu, D. Sagawa, H. Sakaki, N. Sakamoto, R. Sako, T. Sakurai, N. Sakurai, S. Sato, D. Sekino, K. Shibata, T. Shikita, J. Shimodaira, H. Shin, H. S. Shinozaki, K. Smith, J. D. Sokolsky, P. Stokes, B. T. Stroman, T. A. Tachibana, H. Takahashi, K. Takeda, M. Takeishi, R. Taketa, A. Takita, M. Tameda, Y. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Teramoto, M. Thomas, S. B. Thomson, G. B. Tinyakov, P. Tkachev, I. Tomida, T. Troitsky, S. Tsunesada, Y. Udo, S. Urban, F. R. Vrabel, M. Warren, D. Yamazaki, K. Zhezher, Y. Zundel, Z. Zvirzdin, J. Astrophysics of Galaxies High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Experiment Ultra-high-energy photons play an important role in probing astrophysical models and beyond-Standard-Model scenarios. We report updated limits on the diffuse photon flux using Telescope Array's Surface Detector data collected over 14 years of operation. Our method employs a neural network classifier to effectively distinguish between proton-induced and photon-induced events. The input data include both reconstructed composition-sensitive parameters and raw time-resolved signals registered by the Surface Detector stations. To mitigate biases from Monte Carlo simulations, we fine-tune the network with a subset of experimental data. The number of observed photon candidates is found to be consistent with the expected hadronic background, yielding upper limits on photon flux $Φ_γ(E_γ> 10^{19} \text{eV}) < 2.3 \cdot 10^{-3} $, and $Φ_γ(E_γ> 10^{20} \text{eV}) < 3.0 \cdot 10^{-4} $ $ (\text{km}^2 \cdot \text{sr} \cdot \text{yr})^{-1} $.
title	Searching for EeV photons with Telescope Array Surface Detector and neural networks
topic	Astrophysics of Galaxies High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Experiment
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.01638