Why life is hot

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Schilling, Tanja, Warren, Patrick B., Poon, Wilson
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Schilling, Tanja
Warren, Patrick B.
Poon, Wilson
author_facet Schilling, Tanja
Warren, Patrick B.
Poon, Wilson
contents The process of evolution by natural selection leads to phenotypes of increasing fitness. For cellular chemical reaction networks, this means optimising a variety of fitness functions such as robustness, precision, or sensitivity to external stimuli. We argue that these diverse goals can be achieved by a versatile, generic mechanism: coupling chemical reaction networks to reservoirs that are strongly out of equilibrium. Using theory and numerics we show that this mechanism of optimization comes at the price of significant heat dissipation. We compute the heat flux caused by kinetic proofreading in {\it Escherichia coli} and show that it constitutes a significant fraction of the total heat flux experimentally measured in this model organism. We then demonstrate that the degree of optimality achievable saturates, and that Nature appears to operate near saturation despite high energetic costs. We conclude that `life is hot' largely because of the need for a versatile mechanism to optimise a variety of fitness functions.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_04725
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Why life is hot
Schilling, Tanja
Warren, Patrick B.
Poon, Wilson
Soft Condensed Matter
Biological Physics
The process of evolution by natural selection leads to phenotypes of increasing fitness. For cellular chemical reaction networks, this means optimising a variety of fitness functions such as robustness, precision, or sensitivity to external stimuli. We argue that these diverse goals can be achieved by a versatile, generic mechanism: coupling chemical reaction networks to reservoirs that are strongly out of equilibrium. Using theory and numerics we show that this mechanism of optimization comes at the price of significant heat dissipation. We compute the heat flux caused by kinetic proofreading in {\it Escherichia coli} and show that it constitutes a significant fraction of the total heat flux experimentally measured in this model organism. We then demonstrate that the degree of optimality achievable saturates, and that Nature appears to operate near saturation despite high energetic costs. We conclude that `life is hot' largely because of the need for a versatile mechanism to optimise a variety of fitness functions.
title Why life is hot
topic Soft Condensed Matter
Biological Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.04725