Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Wang, Yuxing, Chen, Zhiyu, Zhang, Tiantian, Yin, Qiyue, Chang, Yongzhe, Li, Zhiheng, Wang, Liang, Wang, Xueqian
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Wang, Yuxing
Chen, Zhiyu
Zhang, Tiantian
Yin, Qiyue
Chang, Yongzhe
Li, Zhiheng
Wang, Liang
Wang, Xueqian
author_facet Wang, Yuxing
Chen, Zhiyu
Zhang, Tiantian
Yin, Qiyue
Chang, Yongzhe
Li, Zhiheng
Wang, Liang
Wang, Xueqian
contents Brain-body co-evolution enables animals to develop complex behaviors in their environments. Inspired by this biological synergy, embodied co-design (ECD) has emerged as a transformative paradigm for creating intelligent agents-from virtual creatures to physical robots-by jointly optimizing their morphologies and controllers rather than treating control in isolation. This integrated approach facilitates richer environmental interactions and robust task performance. In this survey, we provide a systematic overview of recent advances in ECD. We first formalize the concept of ECD and position it within related fields. We then introduce a hierarchical taxonomy: a lower layer that breaks down agent design into three fundamental components-controlling brain, body morphology, and task environment-and an upper layer that integrates these components into four major ECD frameworks: bi-level, single-level, generative, and open-ended. This taxonomy allows us to synthesize insights from more than one hundred recent studies. We further review notable benchmarks, datasets, and applications in both simulated and real-world scenarios. Finally, we identify significant challenges and offer insights into promising future research directions. A project associated with this survey has been created at https://github.com/Yuxing-Wang-THU/SurveyBrainBody.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_04770
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges
Wang, Yuxing
Chen, Zhiyu
Zhang, Tiantian
Yin, Qiyue
Chang, Yongzhe
Li, Zhiheng
Wang, Liang
Wang, Xueqian
Robotics
Artificial Intelligence
Emerging Technologies
Systems and Control
Brain-body co-evolution enables animals to develop complex behaviors in their environments. Inspired by this biological synergy, embodied co-design (ECD) has emerged as a transformative paradigm for creating intelligent agents-from virtual creatures to physical robots-by jointly optimizing their morphologies and controllers rather than treating control in isolation. This integrated approach facilitates richer environmental interactions and robust task performance. In this survey, we provide a systematic overview of recent advances in ECD. We first formalize the concept of ECD and position it within related fields. We then introduce a hierarchical taxonomy: a lower layer that breaks down agent design into three fundamental components-controlling brain, body morphology, and task environment-and an upper layer that integrates these components into four major ECD frameworks: bi-level, single-level, generative, and open-ended. This taxonomy allows us to synthesize insights from more than one hundred recent studies. We further review notable benchmarks, datasets, and applications in both simulated and real-world scenarios. Finally, we identify significant challenges and offer insights into promising future research directions. A project associated with this survey has been created at https://github.com/Yuxing-Wang-THU/SurveyBrainBody.
title Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges
topic Robotics
Artificial Intelligence
Emerging Technologies
Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.04770