Probing Infrared eXcess to Investigate Early-Universe Dust (PIXIEDust)
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2025
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| author | Bakx, Tom J. L. C. Algera, Hiddo S. B. Jolly, Jean-Baptiste Esmerian, Clarke Knudsen, Kirsten Sommovigo, Laura Witstok, Joris Carniani, Stefano Chen, Jianhang Eales, Stephen Ferrara, Andrea Fudamoto, Yoshinobu Hagimoto, Masato Hashimoto, Takuya Inami, Hanae Inoue, Akio K. Khouri, Theo Mitsuhashi, Ikki Nyman, Gunnar Olander, Gustav Serjeant, Stephen Smit, Renske Yoon, Ilsang Zavala, Jorge Aalto, Susanne Casey, Caitlin M. Tamura, Yoichi Vlemmings, Wouter |
| author_facet | Bakx, Tom J. L. C. Algera, Hiddo S. B. Jolly, Jean-Baptiste Esmerian, Clarke Knudsen, Kirsten Sommovigo, Laura Witstok, Joris Carniani, Stefano Chen, Jianhang Eales, Stephen Ferrara, Andrea Fudamoto, Yoshinobu Hagimoto, Masato Hashimoto, Takuya Inami, Hanae Inoue, Akio K. Khouri, Theo Mitsuhashi, Ikki Nyman, Gunnar Olander, Gustav Serjeant, Stephen Smit, Renske Yoon, Ilsang Zavala, Jorge Aalto, Susanne Casey, Caitlin M. Tamura, Yoichi Vlemmings, Wouter |
| contents | Despite the implied presence of dust through reddened UV emission in high-redshift galaxies, no dust emission has been detected in the (sub)millimetre regime beyond $z > 8.3$. This study combines around two hundred hours of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations on ten $z > 8$ galaxies, revealing no significant dust emission down to a $1 σ$ depth of $2.0$, $2.0$, and $1.5 \,μ$Jy at rest-frame 158, 88 $μ$m, and across all the data, respectively. This constrains average dust masses to be below $< 10^{5}$ M$_{\odot}$ at $3 σ$ and dust-to-stellar mass ratios to be below $3.7 \times{} 10^{-4}$ (assuming $T_{\rm dust} = 50$ K and $β_{\rm dust} = 2.0$). Binning by redshift ($8 < z < 9.5$ and $9.5 < z < 15$), UV-continuum slope ($β_{\rm UV} \lessgtr -2$) and stellar mass ($\log_{10} M_{\ast}/{\rm M_{\odot}} \lessgtr 9$) yields similarly stringent constraints. Combined with other studies, these results are consistent with inefficient dust build-up in the $z > 8$ Universe, likely due to inefficient supernova production, limited interstellar grain growth and/or ejection by outflows. We provide data and tools online to facilitate community-wide high-redshift dust searches. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_07964 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Probing Infrared eXcess to Investigate Early-Universe Dust (PIXIEDust) Bakx, Tom J. L. C. Algera, Hiddo S. B. Jolly, Jean-Baptiste Esmerian, Clarke Knudsen, Kirsten Sommovigo, Laura Witstok, Joris Carniani, Stefano Chen, Jianhang Eales, Stephen Ferrara, Andrea Fudamoto, Yoshinobu Hagimoto, Masato Hashimoto, Takuya Inami, Hanae Inoue, Akio K. Khouri, Theo Mitsuhashi, Ikki Nyman, Gunnar Olander, Gustav Serjeant, Stephen Smit, Renske Yoon, Ilsang Zavala, Jorge Aalto, Susanne Casey, Caitlin M. Tamura, Yoichi Vlemmings, Wouter Astrophysics of Galaxies Despite the implied presence of dust through reddened UV emission in high-redshift galaxies, no dust emission has been detected in the (sub)millimetre regime beyond $z > 8.3$. This study combines around two hundred hours of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations on ten $z > 8$ galaxies, revealing no significant dust emission down to a $1 σ$ depth of $2.0$, $2.0$, and $1.5 \,μ$Jy at rest-frame 158, 88 $μ$m, and across all the data, respectively. This constrains average dust masses to be below $< 10^{5}$ M$_{\odot}$ at $3 σ$ and dust-to-stellar mass ratios to be below $3.7 \times{} 10^{-4}$ (assuming $T_{\rm dust} = 50$ K and $β_{\rm dust} = 2.0$). Binning by redshift ($8 < z < 9.5$ and $9.5 < z < 15$), UV-continuum slope ($β_{\rm UV} \lessgtr -2$) and stellar mass ($\log_{10} M_{\ast}/{\rm M_{\odot}} \lessgtr 9$) yields similarly stringent constraints. Combined with other studies, these results are consistent with inefficient dust build-up in the $z > 8$ Universe, likely due to inefficient supernova production, limited interstellar grain growth and/or ejection by outflows. We provide data and tools online to facilitate community-wide high-redshift dust searches. |
| title | Probing Infrared eXcess to Investigate Early-Universe Dust (PIXIEDust) |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07964 |